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Catalysis homogenous

The most common homogeneous catalysis reactions involve catalysis in solution. A very generic mechanism of homogeneous catalysis has been proposed by Herzfeld. [Pg.324]

Catalyzed by a substance C, Herzfeld has proposed the following mechanism  [Pg.324]

If the reaction state is determined by step [13.Rlc], the first two steps are in equihbrium and therefore  [Pg.324]

The rate is first order with respect to a reactant and the catalyst. We notice an order that is -1 with respect to a product. [Pg.324]

With a pseudo-steady state in general it is easy to show that the three steps have the same reactivity and the volumic rate of disappearance of reactant A, which is given by ( )i is far from the equilibrium  [Pg.325]


Catalysis in a single fluid phase (liquid, gas or supercritical fluid) is called homogeneous catalysis because the phase in which it occurs is relatively unifonn or homogeneous. The catalyst may be molecular or ionic. Catalysis at an interface (usually a solid surface) is called heterogeneous catalysis, an implication of this tenn is that more than one phase is present in the reactor, and the reactants are usually concentrated in a fluid phase in contact with the catalyst, e.g., a gas in contact with a solid. Most catalysts used in the largest teclmological processes are solids. The tenn catalytic site (or active site) describes the groups on the surface to which reactants bond for catalysis to occur the identities of the catalytic sites are often unknown because most solid surfaces are nonunifonn in stmcture and composition and difficult to characterize well, and the active sites often constitute a small minority of the surface sites. [Pg.2697]

Halpern J 1978 Mechanistic aspects of homogeneous catalysis Trans. Am. Crystallogr. Assoc. 14 59-70... [Pg.2713]

Parshall G D and Ittel S D 1992 Homogeneous Catalysis 2nd edn (New York Wiley)... [Pg.2713]

A concise summary of chemistry of technologically important reactions catalysed by organometallic complexes in solution. Cornils B and Herrmann W A (eds) 1996 Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallio Compounds (Weinheim VCH) A two-volume, multiauthored account with emphasis on industrial applications. [Pg.2713]

Khan, M. M. T. 1974, Homogeneous Catalysis by Metal Complexes, Vol. II, Activation of Alkenes and Alkynes, Academic Press New York - London... [Pg.372]

The sonochemistry of solutes dissolved in organic Hquids also remains largely unexplored. The sonochemistry of metal carbonyl compounds is an exception (57). Detailed studies of these systems led to important mechanistic understandings of the nature of sonochemistry. A variety of unusual reactivity patterns have been observed during ultrasonic irradiation, including multiple ligand dissociation, novel metal cluster formation, and the initiation of homogeneous catalysis at low ambient temperature (57). [Pg.262]

R. S. Dickson, Homogeneous Catalysis with Compounds of Rhodium and Iridium, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1985. [Pg.71]

D. Forster and J. F. Roth, eds.. Homogeneous Catalysis 11 (Advances ia Chemistry Series 132), American Chemical Society, Washiagton, D.C. 1974 ... [Pg.249]

The mechanism and rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition depend on many factors, including temperature, pH, presence or absence of a catalyst (7—10), such as metal ions, oxides, and hydroxides etc. Some common metal ions that actively support homogeneous catalysis of the decomposition include ferrous, ferric, cuprous, cupric, chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate. For combinations, such as iron and... [Pg.471]

Gas Phase. The decomposition of gaseous ozone is sensitive not only to homogeneous catalysis by light, trace organic matter, nitrogen oxides. [Pg.490]

The low temperature limitation of homogeneous catalysis has been overcome with heterogeneous catalysts such as modified Ziegler-Natta (28) sohd-supported protonic acids (29,30) and metal oxides (31). Temperatures as high as 80°C in toluene can be employed to yield, for example, crystalline... [Pg.516]

Metallacarboranes. These are used in homogeneous catalysis (222), including hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, isomerization, hydrosilanolysis, phase transfer, bum rate modifiers in gun and rocket propellants, neutron capture therapy (254), medical imaging (255), processing of radioactive waste (192), analytical reagents, and as ceramic precursors. [Pg.254]

G. W. ParshaU, Homogeneous Catalysis, WUey-Interscience, New York, 1980. [Pg.352]

G. N. Schrauzer, ed.. Transition Metals In Homogeneous Catalysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1971. [Pg.73]

These appHcations are mosdy examples of homogeneous catalysis. Coordination catalysts that are attached to polymers via phosphine, siloxy, or other side chains have also shown promise. The catalytic specificity is often modified by such immobilization. Metal enzymes are, from this point of view, anchored coordination catalysts immobilized by the protein chains. Even multistep syntheses are possible using alternating catalysts along polymer chains. Other polynuclear coordination species, such as the homopoly and heteropoly ions, also have appHcations in reaction catalysis. [Pg.172]

G. W. ParshaH, Homogeneous Catalysis The applications and Chemistry of Catalysis by Soluble Transition Metal Complexes,Johm. Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1980, 240 pp. An excellent treatment of catalysis by coordination compounds. [Pg.174]

The most numerous cases of homogeneous catalysis are by certain ions or metal coordination compounds in aqueous solution and in biochemistry, where enzymes function catalyticaUy. Many ionic effects are known. The hydronium ion and the hydroxyl ion OH" cat-... [Pg.2092]

Significant characteristics of homogeneous catalysis are that they are highly specific and proceed under relatively mild conditions— again in contrast to solid catalysis, which is less discriminating as to reaction and may require extremes of temperature and pressure. A problem with homogeneous operation is the difficulty of separating product and catalyst. [Pg.2092]

T. C. Bruice and S. I Benkovic, Bioorganic Mechanisms, Vol. 1, W. A. Benjamin, New brk, 1966, pp. 1-258 W. P. Jencks, Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969 M. L. Bender, Mechanisms of Homogeneous Catalysis from Protons to Proteins, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971 C. Walsh, Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1979 A. Fersht, Enzyme Structure and Mechanism, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1985. [Pg.478]

M. L. Bender, Mechanisms of Homogeneous Catalysis from Protons to Proteins. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. [Pg.495]

Catalytic hydrogenation of tnfluoroacetic acid gives tnfluoroethanol in high yield [73], but higherperfluorocarboxybc acids and their anhydndes are reduced much more slowly over rhodium, iridium, platinum, or ruthenium catalysts [7J 74] (equation 61) Homogeneous catalysis efficiently produces tnfluoroethanol from tnfluoroacetate esters [75] (equation 61)... [Pg.311]

Homogeneous catalysis by lin compounds is also of great indusirial importance. The use of SnCU as a Friedel-Crafts catalyst for homogeneous acylation, alkylation and cyclizaiion reactions has been known for many decades. The most commonly used industrial homogeneous tin catalysis, however, are the Sn(ll) salts of organic acids (e.g. acetate, oxalate, oleale, stearate and ocToate) for the curing of silicone elasloniers and, more importantly, for the production of polyurethane foams. World consumption of tin catalysts for the.se Iasi applications alone is over 1000 tonnes pa. [Pg.385]

Hydrido complexes of all three elements, and covering a range of formal oxidation states, are important because of their roles in homogeneous catalysis either as the catalysts themselves or as intermediates in the catalytic cycles. [Pg.1117]


See other pages where Catalysis homogenous is mentioned: [Pg.205]    [Pg.33]    [Pg.33]    [Pg.75]    [Pg.482]    [Pg.597]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.291]    [Pg.416]    [Pg.353]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.164]    [Pg.2067]    [Pg.2092]    [Pg.131]    [Pg.497]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.67]   
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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.177 , Pg.179 , Pg.265 ]

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1,2-reduction to alkenes homogeneous catalysis

1- Hexene homogeneous catalysis

1.3- Butadiene homogeneous catalysis

1.3- Cyclooctadiene homogeneous catalysis

2- Hexenal homogeneous catalysis

A-Eleostearate homogeneous catalysis

Acetylene and Allene Complexes: Their Implication in Homogeneous Catalysis

Acid halides homogeneous catalysis

Acrylic acids homogeneous catalysis

Acrylic esters homogeneous catalysis

Aldehydes hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Alkenes homogeneous catalysis

Alkenes hydrocyanation, homogeneous catalysis

Alkenes hydroformylation, homogeneous catalysis

Alkenes hydrosilation, homogeneous catalysis

Alkynes homogeneous catalysis

Alkynes, dialkylcyclization homogeneous catalysis

Allenes homogeneous catalysis

Allyl alcohols homogeneous catalysis

Amides homogeneous catalysis

Amines homogeneous catalysis

Anthracene homogeneous catalysis

Anthracene, 9-methylhydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Anthracene, 9-trifluoroacetylhydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Anthracenes homogeneous catalysis

Application in Homogeneous Catalysis

Applications of Homogeneous Catalysis

Applied Homogeneous Catalysis

Aromatic compounds homogeneous catalysis

Asymmetric epoxidation homogeneous catalysis

Asymmetric homogeneous catalysis selectivity

Asymmetric hydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Asymmetric synthesis homogeneous catalysis

Atom-economical homogeneous catalysis

Basic Building Blocks to Downstream Products by Homogeneous Catalysis

Benzene homogeneous catalysis

Biphasic homogeneous catalysis

Bronsted acid catalysis homogeneous

Carbon monoxide homogeneous catalysis

Carbonyl compounds hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Catalysis and Inhibition in Homogeneous Systems

Catalysis heterogeneous versus homogeneous

Catalysis homogeneity assumption

Catalysis homogeneous hydrogenation with rhodium

Catalysis multiphase 431 - immobilized homogeneous

Catalysis of electrochemical reactions homogeneous

Catalysis, asymmetric homogeneous

Catalysis, homogeneous acetic acid process

Catalysis, homogeneous activity

Catalysis, homogeneous selectivity

Catalyst Concepts in Homogeneous Catalysis

Catalysts homogeneous catalysis

Catalytic cycles homogeneous catalysis

Catalytic homogeneous catalysis

Catalytic hydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Chemical catalysis homogeneous

Chemical reactions homogeneous catalysis

Cholest-4-en-3-one homogeneous catalysis

Cinnamic acid, a-acetylaminoasymmetric hydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Citronellol homogeneous catalysis

Clean homogeneous catalysis

Click Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis

Combinatorial approach, homogeneous asymmetric catalysis

Comparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Complexes homogeneous catalysis

Complexes organolanthanides, homogeneous catalysis

Coordination compounds Homogeneous catalysis Ligands, Metal

Cumulative Subject homogeneous catalysis

Cyclohexene homogeneous catalysis

Cyclooctadienes homogeneous catalysis

Dienes homogeneous catalysis

Dimethyl terephthalate homogeneous catalysis

Elementary Steps in Homogeneous Catalysis

Enamides homogeneous catalysis

Enzymatic catalysis homogeneous

Esters homogeneous catalysis

Ethers Homogeneous catalysis

Extension to Complex Rate Models Homogeneous Catalysis

Fischer-Tropsch reaction homogeneous catalysis

Fundamental Concepts of Homogeneous Catalysis

Gold catalysis sustainable homogeneous

HETEROGENEOUS PROCESSES REPLACING HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS

Heteroaromatic compounds homogeneous catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis with homogeneous

Heterogeneous catalysis with homogeneous carbonylation reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis with homogeneous performance

Historical notes on homogeneous catalysis

Homogeneous Acid Catalysis in Nonasymmetric Synthesis

Homogeneous Catalysis 2 Isomerization

Homogeneous Catalysis and the Role of Multiphase Operations

Homogeneous Catalysis by Cluster Compounds

Homogeneous Catalysis by Iron Complexes A Biphase Fenton Reagent

Homogeneous Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes

Homogeneous Catalysis in Ionic Liquids

Homogeneous Catalysis in Liquid Solution

Homogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritiated Water

Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Solvents as a Special Unit Operation

Homogeneous Catalysis of Gas-Phase Eliminations

Homogeneous Catalysis of Hydrosilation by Transition Metals

Homogeneous Catalysis through Heterogeneous Ru Carbenes

Homogeneous Catalysis with Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Bifluorides

Homogeneous Catalysis with Transition Metal Catalysts

Homogeneous Catalysis without Metals

Homogeneous Catalysis: Mechanisms and Industrial Applications, Second Edition

Homogeneous Molecular Catalysis

Homogeneous Redox Catalysis in CO2 Fixation

Homogeneous Transition-Metal Catalysis in Molten Salts

Homogeneous acid catalysis

Homogeneous acid-base catalysis

Homogeneous acid-base catalysis hydrolysis

Homogeneous acid-base catalysis transition metals

Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System

Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysi

Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis dendritic catalysts

Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis enantioselective reactions

Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis polymeric catalysts

Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis reactions

Homogeneous catalysis

Homogeneous catalysis

Homogeneous catalysis A catalyst

Homogeneous catalysis Electrocatalysis)

Homogeneous catalysis Monsanto process

Homogeneous catalysis TPPTS complexes

Homogeneous catalysis Wacker process

Homogeneous catalysis acid-catalyzed exchange

Homogeneous catalysis addition reactions

Homogeneous catalysis alkene (olefin) and alkyne metathesis

Homogeneous catalysis alkene (olefin) metathesis

Homogeneous catalysis alkene hydrogenation

Homogeneous catalysis alkene isomerization

Homogeneous catalysis alkene metathesis

Homogeneous catalysis alkene polymerization

Homogeneous catalysis amidation

Homogeneous catalysis amidines

Homogeneous catalysis amination

Homogeneous catalysis apparent reaction order

Homogeneous catalysis base-catalyzed exchange

Homogeneous catalysis basic concepts

Homogeneous catalysis basic reactions

Homogeneous catalysis complex rate models)

Homogeneous catalysis coordination compounds

Homogeneous catalysis coordination reactions

Homogeneous catalysis cyclic esters

Homogeneous catalysis decomposition rate

Homogeneous catalysis dihydrogen compounds

Homogeneous catalysis dimerization

Homogeneous catalysis electrochemical methods

Homogeneous catalysis elimination

Homogeneous catalysis heterogeneous catalyst)

Homogeneous catalysis hydroformylation

Homogeneous catalysis hydroformylation process

Homogeneous catalysis hydrogen peroxide decomposition

Homogeneous catalysis individual reactions

Homogeneous catalysis industrial applications

Homogeneous catalysis insertion

Homogeneous catalysis involving

Homogeneous catalysis iron-based catalyst

Homogeneous catalysis kinetics

Homogeneous catalysis lanthanide amidinates/guanidinates

Homogeneous catalysis metal salts

Homogeneous catalysis metal-catalyst bonds

Homogeneous catalysis molecular hydrogen

Homogeneous catalysis nitriles

Homogeneous catalysis operational scheme

Homogeneous catalysis organic transformation

Homogeneous catalysis organolanthanide complexes

Homogeneous catalysis oxidative addition

Homogeneous catalysis phosphines

Homogeneous catalysis polymerization

Homogeneous catalysis process

Homogeneous catalysis reduction

Homogeneous catalysis ruthenium catalysts

Homogeneous catalysis shifts

Homogeneous catalysis stereoselective polymerization

Homogeneous catalysis steric effects

Homogeneous catalysis synthesis hybrid process

Homogeneous catalysis tertiary phosphine complexes

Homogeneous catalysis transfer hydrogenation conditions

Homogeneous catalysis transition-metal halides

Homogeneous catalysis with cluster complexes

Homogeneous catalysis with metal chelates

Homogeneous catalysis, basic principles

Homogeneous catalysis, future

Homogeneous catalysis, goals

Homogeneous catalysis, initiation

Homogeneous catalysis, of alkene hydrogenation

Homogeneous catalysis, organometallics

Homogeneous catalysis, single-molecul

Homogeneous catalysis, transition metal

Homogeneous catalysis, transition metal clusters

Homogeneous catalytic kinetics organometallic catalysis

Homogeneous catalytic kinetics polymerization catalysis

Homogeneous gold catalysis

Homogeneous organometallic catalysis

Homogeneous redox catalysis

Homogeneous sonochemistry catalysis

Homogeneous two-phase catalysis

Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysis

Homogenous catalysis in solution

Host molecule, homogeneous catalysis

Hydroamination homogeneous catalysis

Hydrogenation mechanisms homogeneous catalysis

Hydrogenation to saturated hydrocarbons homogeneous catalysis

Innovative Concepts for Catalyst Separation in Biphasic Homogeneous Catalysis

Isophorone homogeneous catalysis

Isoprene homogeneous catalysis

Isoquinoline homogeneous catalysis

Itaconic acid homogeneous catalysis

Ketones hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Key Reactions in Homogeneous Catalysis

Kinetics in Homogeneous Catalysis

Liquid-phase homogenous catalysis

Liquid-phase oxidation, homogeneous catalysis

Liquids homogenous catalysis

Mechanisms in Homogeneous Catalysis. A Spectroscopic Approach. Edited by Brian Heaton

Membrane homogeneous catalysis

Metal complex homogeneous catalysis

Microwave homogeneous catalysis

Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Processes

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis aqueous reactions

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis hydroformylation

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis hydrogenations

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis industrial applications

Multiphase homogeneous catalysis organic reactions

NMR Spectroscopy and Homogeneous Catalysis

Nanoreactors homogeneous catalysis

Naphthalene homogeneous catalysis

Neral homogeneous catalysis

New Chemical Feedstocks for Homogeneous Catalysis and Renewable Resources

Nickel complexes homogeneous catalysis

Nitric oxide homogeneous catalysis

Nitriles hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Olefins homogeneous catalysis

Opportunities for homogeneous catalysis

Organic synthesis homogeneous catalysis

Organometallic reactions and homogeneous catalysis

Organometallics Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis

Overview of Homogeneous Catalysis by Gold

P-Xylene homogeneous catalysis

Phenols homogeneous catalysis

Phosphinines homogeneous catalysis

Photo-homogeneous catalysis

Polybutadiene homogeneous catalysis

Polymeric Supports in Homogeneous Catalysis

Porous-Material-Based Nanoreactors a Bridge between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Possible Correlations between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Product homogeneous catalysis

Pyridines homogeneous catalysis

Quinoline, 4-methylreduction homogeneous catalysis

Quinolines homogeneous catalysis

Reaction homogeneous catalysis

Reactions Catalyzed by Solid-Supported IL Heterogeneous Catalysis with Homogeneous Performance

Reactor for homogeneous catalysis

Recycling in homogeneous catalysis

Reductions using homogeneous catalysis

Reviews homogeneous catalysis

Rhodium homogeneous catalysis

Roundhill, D. M., Organotransition-Metal Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis in Aqueous Solution

Ruthenium homogeneous catalysis

Selectivity in homogeneous catalysis

Shift reaction, homogeneous catalysis

Single-Molecule Chemistry in Homogeneous Catalysis

Styrenes homogeneous catalysis

Subject homogeneous catalysis

Subject hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Supercritical carbon dioxide homogeneous catalysis

Supramolecular Construction of Chelating Bidentate Ligand Libraries through Hydrogen Bonding Concept and Applications in Homogeneous Metal Complex Catalysis

Synergistic homogeneous catalysis

Synthesis homogeneous catalysis

Synthesis hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Testosterone, 17-methylhydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

The Basic Reactions of Homogeneous Catalysis

The Ping-Pong Mechanism in Homogeneous Enzymatic Catalysis

The Role of Transition Metal Hydrides in Homogeneous Catalysis

Thiophenes homogeneous catalysis

Transfer hydrogenation homogeneous catalysis

Transition-metal-based homogeneous catalysis

Trienes homogeneous catalysis

Tritium homogeneous catalysis

Unsaturated hydrogenation, homogeneous catalysis

Ziegler-Natta catalysis homogeneous systems

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