Concise summary

Backward Chaining is a problem-solving procedure that starts with a statement and a set of rules leading to the statement and then works backward, matching the rules with information from a database of facts until the statement can be either verihed or proven wrong. 

Bayes Theorem is a mathematical framework describing the probability that an event was the result of a particular cause and how it changes if the cause changes. 

Bayesian Networks are statistic models for describing probabilistic dependencies for a set of variables based on Bayes theorem. 

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving system that relies on stored representations of previously solved problems and their solutions. 

Certainty Factors are used as a degree of conhrmation of a piece of evidence. Mathematically, a certainty factor is the measure of belief minus the measure of disbelief. 

---

A concise summary of chemistry of technologically important reactions catalysed by organometallic complexes in solution. Cornils B and Herrmann W A (eds) 1996 Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallio Compounds (Weinheim VCH) A two-volume, multiauthored account with emphasis on industrial applications. 

Because of the great range of structures containing cyclic hydroxamic acid functions it is difficult to give a concise summary of the available synthetic methods. Nevertheless, the vast majority of published syntheses depend on condensation reactions involving only familiar processes of acylation or alkylation of hydroxylamine derivatives. The principles of such syntheses are outlined in a number of typical examples in Section III, A but no attempt has been made to cover all reported cases. 

Some companies do not allow the use of this sheet in their work primarily because of the confidential nature of some of the.process data. Wliere it is used, it presents a concise summary of the complete process and key mechanical data for assembly. This type of sheet requires more time for complete preparation, but like all engineering developments preliminary issues are made as information is available. Often the sheet is not complete until the piping and other detailed drawings are finished. This then is an excellent record of the process as well as a work sheet for training operators of the plant. 

The Brookhart laboratory has contributed much of the knowledge of the polymerization mechanism for the late transition metal a-diimine catalysts. The review by Ittel provides a concise summary of the mechanistic understanding as of the year 2000 [26]. Some of the early findings will be reviewed here and additional insights reported afterward will be presented. In addition to the experimental work, many theoretical and computational studies worthy of discussion have also been carried out. These efforts have been most important in providing insight into the mechanistic details of the highly reactive nickel system, which is often difficult to study experimentally. 

The symptoms produced by D.F.P., etc., have been described in detail. However it is convenient to give a concise summary of the main effects here. 

In order to provide useful information to support the threat evaluation process and the development of an analytical approach, the findings of the site characterization should be summarized in a report. This report is not intended to be a formal document, but simply a concise summary of information from the site activities that can be quickly assembled within an hour or two. The recommended content of the report includes... 

This chapter provides a concise summary of the most important concepts and characteristics of CNTs including structural aspects (i.e. chirality, defects, doping), properties (i.e. mechanical, electronic, thermal), synthesis and characterization techniques and post-processing strategies (i.e. purification, separation, functionalization), and is thus intended as an introduction for newcomers. 

In this volume of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry a concise summary of the developments within the network is put in perspective of the recent advancements within the field in general. It is hoped that this will encourage further applicants to use multiphase catalysis techniques in fine chemical production. In addition, students and post doctoral fellows will transfer their expertise obtained within the project groups to their future employers. There-... 

Before we move on to the next chapters, figure 17.4 provides a concise summary of all the key points. 

The moments of a charge distribution provide a concise summary of the nature of that distribution. They are suitable for quantitative comparison of experimental charge densities with theoretical results. As many of the moments can be obtained by spectroscopic and dielectric methods, the comparison between techniques can serve as a calibration of experimental and theoretical charge densities. Conversely, since the full charge density is not accessible by the other experimental methods, the comparison provides an interpretation of the results of the complementary physical techniques. The electrostatic moments are of practical importance, as they occur in the expressions for intermolecular interactions and the lattice energies of crystals. 

Figure 5.3 provides a concise summary of these relationships. A more elaborate figure that combines Figures 5.2 and 5.3 and adds some further detail can be found elsewhere [153]. 

In this Chapter, we present step-by-step derivations of the explicit expressions for matrix elements based on the spherical-harmonic expansion of the tip wavefunction in the gap region. The result — derivative rule is extremely simple and intuitively understandable. Two independent proofs are presented. The mathematical tool for the derivation is the spherical modified Bessel functions, which are probably the simplest of all Bessel functions. A concise summary about them is included in Appendix C. 

In summary, the new edition of Spiegel s Psychopharmacologv an Introduction should finds its way to the desks and bookshelves of many individuals who are seeking an up to date, thorough, practical, readable, concise summary of the best and newest knowledge in this dynamic field of knowledge which has few peers for importance to the quality of life of the general population. 

Latimer diagrams are available for all the elements except for the unreactive lighter members of Group 18, and form an excellent and concise summary of the aqueous chemistry of such elements. They are used extensively in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. The diagrams used so far in the text consist of one line, but it is sometimes instructive to link oxidation states that are not adjacent to each other and to include the reduction potential appropriate to those states. One example is given in Figure 5.2 for some of the states of iron at pH = 0. 

Patient information sheet Concise summary in plain language of the most important information about a particular drug. Includes an Alert when appropriate to communicate an important, and often emerging, drug safety issue Patients and/or consumers, lay caregivers, and interested members of the general public... 

Healthcare professional sheet Concise summary of an important, and often emerging, drug safety issue, with background information about the detection of the issue and points to consider for clinical decision making Healthcare professionals... 

The presentation in this chapter dwells rather heavily on the classification, measurement, and interpretation of non-Newtonian behavior. These rheological fundamentals have frequently been presented in literature which is unfamiliar to the engineer and have usually included much discussion of factors which at the present time are of minor engineering interest. Accordingly, it was felt that one of the primary needs in this field was a concise summary of these fundamentals and common definitions. It is hoped that thereby future developments may be undertaken in an orderly and rigorous manner, as contrasted to the relatively fruitless empiricism which has enveloped areas of this field in the past. 

A concise summary of the principles of the last section is given by the first law of thermodynamics, which states that any change in internal energy (A E) of a system is just equal to the difference between the heat ( >)it absorbs and the work (W) it performs ... 

A concise summary of the distinctions between migration, diffusion, and convection is that migration occurs in response to a potential gradient, diffusion in response to a concentration gradient, and convection in response to a pressure gradient. 

Meyerhof, W. Elements of Nuclear Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967. A very concise summary of the essential ideas of nuclear science. 

End-of-Chapter Enumerated Summary This concise summary of chapter concepts is designed to serve as a guide for chapter study. 

Zamaraev and Thomas provide a concise summary of work done with a family of classic catalytic test reactions—dehydration of butyl alcohols—to probe the workings of acidic molecular sieve catalysts. This chapter echoes some of the themes stated by Pines and Manassen, who wrote about alcohol dehydration reactions catalyzed by solid acids in the 1966 volume of Advances in Catalysis. 

Chemical Defoamers The addition of chemical foam breakers is the most elegant way to break a foam. Effective defoamers cause very rapid disintegration of the foam and frequently need be present only in parts per million. The great diversity of compounds used for defoamers and the many different systems in which they are applied make a brief and orderly discussion of their selection difficult. Compounds needed to break aqueous foams may be different from those needed for aqueous-free systems. The majority of defoamers are insoluble or nonmiscible in the foam continuous phase, but some work best because of their ready solubility. Lichtman (Defoamers, 3d ed., Wiley, New York, 1979) has presented a concise summary of the application and use of defoamers. Rubel (Antifoaming and Defoaming... 

Brandhuber and Amy (1998) and Shih (2005) provide concise summaries of arsenic removal with different types of membranes. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are used to remove particles that contain sorbed, coprecipitated, or precipitated arsenic (US EPA, 2002b, 35 Shih, 2005, 93, 94). Both reverse osmosis and nanofiltration can effectively remove As(V) oxyanions from water and, in some cases, H3ASO3 can also be treated without preoxidation (Brandhuber and Amy, 1998, 9 Uddin et al., 2007a Xia et al., 2007 Uddin et al., 2007b). 

N/ Groundwater, drinking water, or porewaters Abundant literature exists on arsenic contamination problems in some countries (e.g. Bangladesh). In such cases, the tables in this appendix simply list a few of the more recent key references, which provide overall and concise summaries of the problems. For other regions and countries (e.g. Laos), arsenic contamination has been identified as a significant problem, but further details are not readily available. In these situations, the reference(s) with the limited information is listed. No public information is readily available on arsenic contamination in North Korea, many of the republics of the former Soviet Union, and... 

Huheey (1983) (see Section A.3 of the Appendix) gives in Appendix J a good, concise summary of the rules for inorganic nomenclature. For the classification of substances according to structural type, see the books listed in Section A.6. Wells (1984) is specially recommended. 

---