Synergistic homogeneous catalysis

Homogeneous Chemical Catalysis of the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Synergistic Effect of Bronsted and Lewis Acids... 

Catalysed substitution reactions of an unusual kind are collected together in this section. In each case, the catalysis of the reaction by a homogeneous entity is assisted by the surface of a solid. The resulting reinforcement of catalytic effects is frequently described as synergistic. The homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts quite often possess a species in common, for example Ag+ ions and solid Agl, and many of the homogeneously catalysed reactions exhibit autocatalysis as a result. 

Solid-liquid phase transfer catalyst 2 for aliphatic and aromatic nucleophilic substitution synergistic effect with Cu in Ullmann synthesis as ligand in homogeneous hydrogenation catalysis (see 1st edition). 

Fig. 1 (a) Perhaps the generically most common notation to denote a catalysed reaction of substrates A, B and C to products D and E throughout the catalytic sciences, (b) The most common notation for denoting a metal-mediated homogeneous catalytic reaction, (c) The stylized notation adopted in the present work to highlight that the cooperative or synergistic catalysis arises from an important structural feature in the underlying reaction mechanism... 

However, it is known [10] that the simultaneous application of a catalyst and MW irradiation in some cases has a pronounced synergistic effect in comparison with the catalyst and the MW applied separately, or in comparison with the catalysis under CH. This synergistic effect also deserves particular attention in the important and widely used oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Thus, the main aim of this chapter is to illustrate recent advances in homogeneous and heterogeneous MW-assisted catalytic oxidation of alcohols. For clarity, the homogeneous and heterogeneous processes are discussed separately. 

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