Alkenes hydroformylation, homogeneous catalysis

Regioselective reactions belong to the most important applications of homogeneous catalysis. An example is the hydroformylation of alkenes, which is a very important industrial reaction ... 

The hydroformylation of alkenes, which was originally discovered by Otto Roelen in 1938 [1], has developed into one of the most important applications of homogeneous catalysis in industry (Scheme 1) [2,3]. Today, more than 9 million tons of so-called oxo-products are produced per year, a number which is still rising continuously. The majority of these oxo-products stem... 

Breit, B. and Seiche. W. (2003) Hydrogen bonding as a constniction element for bidentate donor ligands in homogeneous catalysis Regioselective hydroformylation of terminal alkenes, J.Ahi. Chem. Soc.. 125. 6608-6609. 

Sellin MF, Webb PB, Cole-Hamilton DJ (2001) Continuous flow homogeneous catalysis hydroformylation of alkenes in supercritical fluid-ionic liquid biphasic mixtures. Chem Commun 8 781-782... 

We then focus on the Pichler-Schulz CO insertion mechanism (39). This reaction has been much less investigated than the carbide mechanism. We recognize that in homogeneous catalysis, alkene hydroformyla-tion has been investigated extensively it appears that hydroformylation is much more difficult on metallic surfaces than in the presence of mononuclear cationic metal complexes (40). 

Phosphine-modified cobalt hydroformylation is only used commercially by Shell. It is tightly coupled to Shell s Higher Olefins Process (SHOP, see Metathesis Polymerization Processes by Homogeneous Catalysis) that produces a C4 through C20 mixture of linear, internal alkenes for hydroformylation to detergent-grade alcohols. 

Hydroformylation of alkenes (Fig. 5.8) is an important commercial process for the production of aldehydes and alcohols from alkenes and is one of the most important examples of homogeneous catalysis in industry with a production capacity of more than 8 million tons/year [38]. Initial work by Manassen on aqueous biphasic catalysis [39]... 

The metal complexes most often studied as polymer-bound catalysts have been Rh(I) complexes, such as analogues of Wilkinson s complex. The catalytic activity of a bound metal complex is nearly the same as that of the soluble analogue. Rhodium complexes are active for alkene hydrogenation, alkene hydroformylation, and, in the presence of CH3I cocatalyst, methanol carbonylation, etc. Polymer supports thus allow the chemistry of homogeneous catalysis to take place with the benefits of an insoluble, easily separated catalyst . ... 

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