Hodgkins

The resulting similarity measures are overlap-like Sa b = J Pxi ) / B(r) Coulomblike, etc. The Carbo similarity coefficient is obtained after geometric-mean normalization Sa,b/ /Sa,a Sb,b (cosine), while the Hodgkin-Richards similarity coefficient uses arithmetic-mean normalization Sa,b/0-5 (Saa+ b b) (Dice). The Cioslowski [18] similarity measure NOEL - Number of Overlapping Electrons (Eq. (10)) - uses reduced first-order density matrices (one-matrices) rather than density functions to characterize A and B. No normalization is necessary, since NOEL has a direct interpretation, at the Hartree-Fodt level of theory. 

Dice similarity coefficient Also known as the Hodgkin index c. 2 El 1 ... 

C, E E Hodgkin and Richards W G 1993. The Utilisation of Gaussian Functions for the Rapid nation of Molecular Similarity. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science 32 188-192. C and I D Kuntz 1995, Investigating the Extension of Pairwise Distance Pharmacophore sures to Triplet-based Descriptors, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 9 373-379. 

Hodgkin E E and W G Richards 1987. Molecular Similarity Based on Electrostatic Potential and Electri Field. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. Quantum Biology Symposia 14 105-110. 

Although the compounds were isolated in quantities of only a few milligrams per kilogram of cmde plant leaves, extensive work on a variety of animal tumor systems led to eventual clinical use of these bases, first alone and later in conjunction with other materials, in the treatment of Hodgkin s disease and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Their main effect appears to be binding tightly to tubuHn, the basic component of microtubules found in eukaryotic cells, thus interfering with its polymerization and hence the formation of microtubules required for tumor proliferation (82). 

Dorothy C. Hodgkin chemistry stmctural deterrnination of vitamin B 2... 

Uses The nitrogen mustards are used clinically in the treatment of certain neoplasms (14). They have been used in treatment of Hodgkin s disease, lymphosarcoma, and leukemia (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). 

USP (Oncovin) vindesine sulfate [59917-39 ] C43H55N5O7 -H2S0 852.01 (50) chil-dren lymphocytic leukemia Hodgkin s disease non-Hodg-kin s lymphomas Wilm s tumor neuroblastoma rhabdomyosarcoma, investigational dmg (paresthesias, foot drop, double vision, etc) constipation ileus alopecia leu-kopenia (occasional) ... 

Despite dramatic advances in the treatment of several human malignancies including Hodgkin s lymphomas and leukemias, dmg resistance remains a pressing issue in cancer chemotherapy. Acquired or induced dmg resistance afflicts practically all classes of cancer agents. It usually is manifested clinically... 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

P. Senhard and D. Hodgkin, Nature 192, 937 (1961) D. Crowfoot-Hodgkin, Proc. RoyalSoc. (Eondon) A288, 294 (1965). 

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules attached to adenosine deaminase (ADA) have been used in patients exhibiting symptoms of the severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) caused by ADA deficiency. The modified enzyme has a plasma half-life of weeks as compared to the unmodified enzyme (minutes) (248). PEG-L-asparaginase has induced remissions in patients with non-Hodgkin s lymphoma (248). However, one disadvantage of PEG-enzyme treatment is its expense, ie, a year s treatment costs about 60,000 (248). 

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