Interpreter directives

Although the ID H spectrum of 2-hexanone is simple enough to be interpreted directly, you can see that COSY offers one more tool we can call on in more complicated cases. 

The distances between compounds in Fig. 31.7 are not notably affected by the transformation in comparison with the previous Fig. 31.6. This biplot allows more easily to perceive the correlations between measurements. Three clusters are now put in evidence, namely (1) DMSO and DMF, (2) ethanol and propanol, (3) octanol, dioxane, THF and methylenedichloride. The line segments drawn from the origin have been added to emphasize these groupings. Unipolar axes could have been defined here in the same way as in Fig. 31.6. Bipolar axes on the column-standardized biplot, however, cannot be interpreted directly in terms of the original data in X. 

The HFS program [79] was modified especially for this purpose. The general response is the same as for hydrogen, except that all occupied levels are now also affected at the same time. The highest levels are the most sensitive, but even the deepest core levels show an increase. As for hydrogen, the valence level eventually reaches the ionization limit, but this cannot be interpreted directly as an ionization event, as was done for hydrogen. 

In the above example, this would give an MDL value of 1.28 pg ml-1. It should be remembered that, in the example given here, which is the analysis of a solution, the MDL is for that element in solution, and should be converted into an MDL in the original solid sample to give a true picture of the MDL for the analysis. For the analysis of solids, the MDL can be interpreted directly without any further calculation. 

Interpretation of two-dimensional images of sheet silicates has previously been addressed. Computer-simulated images of chlorite (22) and biotite and muscovite (2A) show that two-dimensional images of these sheet silicates allow determination of the basal spacing (spacing perpendicular to the sheets) and stacking order (relative rotations and shifts between sheets). Furthermore, these calculations show that at the Scherzer (optimum) focus, many, but not all, aspects of the structures may be interpreted directly. 

X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns can be detected when a wave is scattered by a periodic structure of atoms in an ordered array such as a crystal or a fiber. The diffraction patterns can be interpreted directly to give information about the size of the unit cell, information about the symmetry of the molecule, and, in the case of fibers, information about periodicity. The determination of the complete structure of a molecule requires the phase information as well as the intensity and frequency information. The phase can be determined using the method of multiple isomor-phous replacement where heavy metals or groups containing heavy element are incorporated into the diffracting crystals. The final coordinates of biomacromolecules are then deduced using knowledge about the primary structure and are refined by processes that include comparisons of calculated and observed diffraction patterns. Three-dimensional structures of proteins and their complexes (Blundell and Johnson, 1976), nucleic acids, and viruses have been determined by X-ray and neutron diffractions. 

Above 1123° C. the U02+a.—which is not unsatisfactorily interpreted directly in terms of a simple statistical thermodynamic model—replaces the partially ordered U409 1/ phase over the whole composition range up to about U02>26 at 1400° C. It does not appear that a very large heat effect can be ascribed to the partial order complete disorder process relating to these two phases. 

Sources of OSHA Information. OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, and additional information are available on the World Wide Web at http //www.osha.gov and http //www.oshaslc.gov. 

Arylalkene bromination is a typical electrophilic addition to form an a-carbocation, but markedly non-linear structure-reactivity relationships were observed for brominations of styrene [32], trans-stilbene [37] and a-methylstilbene [38] (Ruasse and Dubois, 1972, 1974 Ruasse et al., 1978 Ruasse and Argile, 1983). Some of these curvatures could not be interpreted directly by the Y-T equation but some were related to a mechanistic changeover based on a multipathway scheme (Ruasse, 1990). Three pathways leading to the and carbocations and to the bromonium ion in the bromination of trans-stilbene (Ruasse and Dubois, 1972, 1974) are shown in Scheme 10. 

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