Coast disease

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

A lack of cobalt in the soil can cause health problems, too. For example, sheep in Australia are subject to a disease known as Coast disease, due to a deficiency of cobalt in the soil. 

Lines EW (1935) The effect of the ingestion of minute quantities of cobalt by sheep affected with coast disease . J Council Sci Ind Res 8 117-119. 

There are other milder forms of thederiasis that resemble the disease caused by T parva infection. They also primarily affect catde and are transmitted by ticks. Causative organisms iaclude Theileria annulata responsible for tropical thieleriasis, tropical piroplasmosis, Egyptian fever, and Mediterranean Coast fever. These affect ox, zebu, and water buffalo. Endemic areas iaclude northern Africa, southeastern Europe, the southern part of the former USSR, and Asia. Theileria mutans is the cause of benign bovine thieleriasis, Marico calf disease, and mild gad sickness. It affects ox and zebu ia Africa, Asia, southern Europe, England, the former USSR, AustraUa, and North America. 

Two isolates of FORL (rj and r ) were provided by Dr. Tello (INIA, Madrid) from diseased tomato crops grown on the Spanish Mediterranean coast (11). Both isolates were maintained as stock cultures on potato-dextrose agar... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Bovine viral diarrhea, East Coast fever, foot-and-mouth disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, malignant catarrhal fever, vesicular stomatitis, paratuberculosis, and arsenic poisoning. 

Copper compounds are used in agriculture to treat mildew and other plant diseases in the food industry as preservatives, additives, or coloring agents in preservatives of wood, leather, and fabrics in coin manufacture and in water treatment (ATSDR1990 Roncero et al. 1992). The use of copper-containing pesticides is traditional along the Mediterranean Coast, especially the use of Bordeaux mixture, a copper sulfate-based fungicide that has been widely used for more than a century to... 

The distribution of both endemic diseases has been found to relate to selenium content in the soils. The two diseases are distributed mainly in a distinct wide belt, usually referred to as the disease belt, running from the northeast to southeast of China and located in the middle transition belt from the southern coast to the northwest inland region (Figures 3 and 4). 

Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Control (NIOSH), 1985. 

Ianora A, Boersma M, Casotti R, Fontana A, Harder J, Hoffmann F, Pavia H, Potin P, Poulet SA, Toth G (2006) New trends in marine chemical ecology. Estuaries Coasts 29 531-551 Ishikawa Y, Saga N (1989) The diseases of economically valuable seaweeds and pathology in Japan. In Miyachi S, Karube I, Ishida Y (eds) Current topics in marine biotechnology. Fuji Technology Press, Tokyo, pp 215-218... 

African coast, such as Senegal and the Ivory Coast. HIV-2 also causes AIDS, although there are some indications that it is less able to do so than HIV-1. It is interesting that the virus that is most closely related to HIV-2 is not HIV-1, but a lentivirus found in sooty mangabey monkeys (simian immunodeficiency virus or SIVSM). SIVSM does not cause disease in sooty mangabeys. 

Swollen Shoot. Losses due to swollen shoot, a virus disease discovered in 1937 in the Gold Coast and still restricted to West Africa, are staggering. 

In some areas of West Africa, swollen shoot disease is under control by cutting out infected and suspected trees, the exclusion of areas of mass infection, and chemical control with systemic insecticides. In other areas of Africa, however, the disease continues to spread in spite of the control measures applied. Up to February 1954 (19) a total of 24,632,839 trees had been destroyed. The total number of trees in the Gold Coast alone is estimated at 400,000,000. 

The first cases of ASP were identified after an outbreak associated with eating cultivated mussels harvested from Prince Edward Island, Canada (Perl et ah, 1990 Todd, 1990b). Domoic acid also has been implicated in the deaths of marine mammals along the U.S. Pacific coast (Scholin et ah, 2000), and human diseases from eating shellfish contaminated with domoic acid have been anecdotally reported in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. 

Willett, W. C., M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, et al. Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. J Am Med Ass 1996 275(6) 458-462. Nagasawa, H., M. Yasuda, S. Sakamoto, and H. Inatomi. Suppression in coffee cherry of the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors in SHN mice. Anticancer Res 1996 16(1) 151-153. Barrett, B. Medicinal plants of Nicaragua s Atlantic coast. Econ Bot... 

Olsson M, Karlsson B, Ahnland E. 1994. Diseases and environmental contaminants in seals from the Baltic and the Swedish west coast. Sci Total Environ 154 217-227. 

Cocoa-Nut Oil is extracted from the kernels of the cocoa-palm—cocos nutifera ct butyracea—either by expression or by ebullition with water. The cocoa-palm is a native of tropical oountrics, but does not thrive except near the coast. Five varieties are indigenous to Ceylon. The bark yields a peculiar oil used by the Cingalese in the form of ointment in cutaneous diseases. The nucleus or kernel of the cocoa-nut has been analysed by Bband.es, Bdchnhr, and Bizio, and according to the latter authority is composed as follows —... 

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