Wasting diseases

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month, (For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive). Every sample that has total coliforms must be analyzed for fecal coliforms. There may not be any fecal coliforms or E. coli. Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes (pathogens) in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems. 

Poly(L-lysine) has also been suggested as a carrier for pepstatin, a specific inhibitor of the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D, responsible for causing muscle-wasting diseases, such as muscular dystrophy [257],... 

Other animal prion diseases. Outbreaks of transmissible mink encephalopathy and chronic wasting disease in captive populations of mink, mule deer and elk in certain regions of the U.S.A. have also been attributed to prion-infected foodstuffs, although the origin of prion infection is unclear [8], Epidemiological studies suggest lateral transmission as the most plausible explanation for the spread of chronic wasting disease in captive populations... 

Hens given weekly ip injections of 1.0 pg/kg BW for 10 weeks had reduced egg production and hatchability, and a wasting disease that proved fatal to 100% by 13 weeks after the last injection. 

Guiroy, D. C., Williams, E. S., Liberski, P. P., Wakayama, I., and Gajdusek, D. C. (1993a). Ultrastructural neuropathology of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 85, 437-444. 

Fig. 20 Fluorescent images of prion deposits associated with distinct prion strains, murine chronic wasting disease (mCWD) (a) and murine sheep scrapie (mSS) (b), which has been stained by PTAA. (c) Correlation diagram of the ratios, R532/639 and R532/ max, of the intensity of the emitted light from PTAA bound to prion deposits originating from individual mice infected with CWD (black symbols) or sheep scrapie (purple symbols) [35]...

On the other hand, there are reports stating that severely ill nutritionally depleted patients were found to be capable of producing antibody as well as or better than the healthy controls. Furthermore, antibody production was found to continue up to the time of death from wasting disease (Bl). 

Accuracy reduced in muscle wasting diseases (e.g., neuromuscular disease) and amputees... 

Pharmaceutically, glucose is probably the most important of all regular monosaccharides. A solution of pure glucose has been recommended for use by subcutaneous injection as a restorative after severe operations, or as a nutritive in wasting diseases. It has also been used to augment the movements of the uterus. Glucose is added to nutritive enemata for rectal alimentation. Its use has also been recommended for rectal injection and by mouth in delayed chloroform poisoning. 

A misfolded protein appears to be the causative agent of a number of rare degenerative brain diseases in mammals. Perhaps the best known of these is mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE), an outbreak of which made international headlines in the spring of 1996. Related diseases include kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep, and chronic wasting disease in deer and elk. These diseases are also referred to as spongiform encephalopathies, because the diseased brain frequently becomes riddled with holes (Fig. 1). Typical symptoms include dementia and loss of coordination. The diseases are fatal. 

DMD is a severe X-linked recessive, progressive muscle wasting disease that affects approximately 1 in 3500 newborn males (Emery, 1991). An allelic variant of DMD is also known, referred to as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). It has a later onset and lesser phenotype than DMD, resulting in longer life expectancy (reviewed in O Brien and Kunkel, 2001). DMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that encodes the cytoskeletal linker protein dystrophin. The vast majority of DMD mutations result in the... 

Rasmussen, E., 1977. The wasting disease of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and its effects on environmental factors and fauna. In C.P. McRoy and C. Hellfferich (eds), Seagrass Ecosystems A Scientific Perspective. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1-51. 

Cancer results in anorexia (lack of interest in eating), malnutrition, and weight loss. Although weight loss may be due to loss of muscle and organ tissue (lean body mass), as well as of fat, the loss of fat is a minimal concern in cancer and other wasting diseases. Cachexia is a term that is often used to n fer to the wasting of muscle and other tissues that occurs with various diseases. 

Silabolin (35) was used for the treatment of muscle wasting diseases in Russia and eastern Europe. It has often been abused as an anabolic [88]. 

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