Growth retardants

W. Rademacher, "Biochemical Effects of Plant Growth Retardants," in Plant Biochemical Regulators, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1991. 

Most of the GA-synthesis inhibitors characterized so far affect two segments of the compHcated pathway from MVA to the many different GAs identified. The cycHzation reactions that produce / Akaurene are inhibited by the onium growth retardants, and the oxidations of /-kaurene to /-kaurenoic acid are sensitive to heterocycHc triazoles such as paclobutrazol and similar compounds. Other enzymes in the pathway are points for pathway dismption by as yet undeveloped GA biosynthesis inhibitors (236). 

The activity of the sorbates at a higher pH is one distinct advantage over the two other most commonly used food preservatives, benzoic and propionic acids, because the upper pH limits for activity of these compounds are approximately pH 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. Although the effect of sorbates can be microbiocidal under certain conditions, activity is most often manifested as a microbial growth retardant. 

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

NHE1 -deficient mice survive into the postnatal period but develop growth retardation, progressive... 

Hardness stabilization, functioning at substoichiometric levels by crystal growth retardation, (threshold effect). This attribute is useful in low heat-flux HW applications. 

Crystal growth retardation, function of all-organics 443 Crystal modification, function of all-organics 443... 

Complex V catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Deficiencies of complex V are rare and clinical presentation is usually nonprogressive muscle weakness. One subject included growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and involvement of basal ganglia, which are occasional features of various other respiratory chain abnormalities. 

Mills J.L., Holmes L.B., Aarons J.H., et al., Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation. JAMA, 1993, 269,... 

On the other hand, a deficiency of aldolase A is a rare cause of hereditary hemolytic anemia. Only three families with aldolase A deficiency have been reported. In the first case, hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, many dysmorphic features and mental and growth retardation were observed (B13). The second family had only hemolysis but no signs of myopathy (M24). The third case had both hemolytic anemia and predominantly myopathic symptoms (K25). 

Ghrh (2), Ghrhr (6), Gh (11), Growth-promoting Postnatal growth retardation... 

Ig1 (10) Growth-promoting Fetal and postnatal growth retardation... 

Insl/Ins2 (19/7) Growth promoting Fetal growth retardation perinatal death... 

E, embryonic day BW, birthweight GR, growth-retardation OG, overgrowth N, normal TNF, tumour necrosis factor. 

Other gene mutations associated with placental development have been described that are not embryonic lethal but result in fetal growth retardation,... 

---