High phases

Sonicate the test tubes in a bath-type sonicator until they appear evenly dispersed incubate overnight at 48°C in a heating block. This heating step can often be shortened, but it is conventional in the extraction of sphingolipids because they have high phase transition temperatures. 

In Table 8.6, the results of computations identical in principle to those described previously are given. The final extract from the countercurrent cascade described in Table 8.5 was contacted with a pure stream of the more extractable component at a high phase ratio. The high phase ratio is chosen to minimize the volume of aqueous phase that must be recycled to the feed. 

The concept of the effective plate number was introduced and employed in the late nineteen fifties by Purnell (7), Desty (8) and others. Its introduction arose directly as a result of the development of the capillary column, which, even in 1960, could be made to produce efficiencies of up to a million theoretical plates (9). It was noted, however, that these high efficiencies were were only realized for solutes eluted close to the column dead volume, that is, at very low k values. Furthermore, they in no way reflected the increase in resolving power that would be expected from such high efficiencies on the basis of the performance of packed columns. This poor performance, relative to the high efficiencies produced, can be shown theoretically ( and Indeed will be, later in this book) to result from the high phase ratio of capillary columns made at that time. That is the ratio of the mobile phase to the stationary phase in the column. The high phase ratio was... 

A considerable amount of experimental work has been carried out on the so-called gel emulsions of water/nonionic surfactant/oil systems [9-14, 80, 106, 107]. These form in either the water-rich or oil-rich regions of the ternary phase diagrams, depending on the surfactant and system temperature. The latter parameter is important as a result of the property of nonionic surfactants known as the HLB temperature, or phase inversion temperature (PIT). Below the PIT, nonionic surfactants are water-soluble (hydrophilic form o/w emulsions) whereas above the PIT they are oil-soluble (hydrophobic form w/o emulsions). The systems studied were all of very high phase volume fraction, and were stabilised by nonionic polyether surfactants. 

The thermal stability of metal nanoparticles (for the most part nanoparticles used in liquid crystal phases with high phase transition temperatures or nanoparticles decorated with functional molecules) should also be of significant importance,... 

F. Hydrodynamic Cavitation Synthesis of Nanostructured Catalysts in High-Phase Purities... 

One of the advantages of cavitational synthesis, providing the synthesis equipment has the capability to adjust the bubble dynamics, is the capability to do synthesis under the conditions of both high shear and in situ calcination. If the equipment can be adjusted to operate in slightly different fluid dynamic regimes, it should be possible to obtain both high-phase purity catalysts and to systematically adjust the primary grain size of the crystallites... 

LaoftSi orFeO perovskites, 25 M0O3 synthesis, 28-32 nanostructured catalyst in high-phase purity and varying grain sizes,... 

The concentrated emulsion free of MEHQ prepared at room temperature can be further polymerized by heating at 50 °C for 50 h. Several polymers, copolymers, and polymer composites were prepared by the two-step method. The amounts of components employed to prepare copolymers and polymer composites are listed in Table 10, whereas the amounts of components employed to prepare polymers are those in Table 8 (of course without MEHQ). The one-step pathway of the corresponding materials was also employed. In the latter case, very high phase separations occurred in most systems, except those... 

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