Studied Systems

2 CREEP OF A LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYESTER 12.2.1 Systems studied 

In this and the following two sections we consider the data for a PLC and for different blends of that PLC with isotactic polypropylene (PP). The PLC used in this study was liquid crystalline copolyester PET/0.6PHB, where PET = poly (ethylene terephthalate), PHB = p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 0.6 is the mole fraction of PHB in the copolymer, manufactured by Unitika Ltd, Kyoto, Japan. The content of the PLC in the blends with PP was varied from 0 to 20 wt%. The samples were prepared by injection molding. PP, resin VB65 llB, was supplied by Neste OY, Finland. 

Fluidized bed experiments can be realized either by shaking the sample (vibro-fluidized) or by passing gas through the system. We will combine the discussion of both types of experiments under fluidized bed in Section 4.8.3.5. 

if not all, velocity measurements in the bulk, other than NMR/MRI, make measurements through dear end-walls of either long or short cylinders. End-walls, because of friction with the particles, change the dynamic angle of repose near the end-wall and can also cause convections in long cylinders with components of velocity in the axial direction [34, 35], NMR/MRI experiments can avoid the end-wall effects by making measurements far from the end-walls in a long cylinder. 

Studies of relatively slow segregation in closed sample configurations, such as the rotating drum, are perhaps the easiest granular experiments to perform by MRI. Measurements can be made with the sample stopped the process can continue to evolve between the measurements. As mentioned above, MRI is much easier to perform on stationary systems as opposed to systems undergoing motion. 

Huan et al. [41] measured the behavior of a small fluidized bed consisting of 45-80 mustard seeds in a small-bore vertical magnet. The small sample size allowed short pulses, and spatial distribution of collision correlation times and granular temperature were measured directly and compared with the hydrodynamic theory of Garzo and Dufty [42], This paper [41] contains an excellent survey of previous experiments on fluidized beds. 

---

Kummrow A and Lau A 1996 Dynamics in condensed molecular systems studied by incoherent light Appi. Rhys. B 63 209-23... 

A sequence of successive con figurations from a Mon te Carlo simulation constitutes a trajectory in phase space with IlypcrC hem. this trajectory in ay be saved and played back in the same way as a dynamics trajectory. With appropriate choices of setup parameters, the Mon te Carlo m ethod m ay ach leve ec nilibration more rapidly than molecular dynamics. Tor some systems, then. Monte C arlo provides a more direct route to equilibrium sinictural and thermodynamic properties. However, these calculations can be quite long, depentiing upon the system studied. 

Thyroid Uptake Systems. Studies involving absolute thyroid uptake can be performed without imaging using small amounts of or and a simple scintillation probe. This is caUbrated using a phantom, ie, a model of a portion of the human body, loaded with the isotope being used. This instmment is also useful for assaying thyroid exposure to radioiodine among personnel. 

In the experimental systems studied the iron electrode has been of the siatered type and the oxygen —air electrodes have been of the bifunctional type. 

Rizzuti et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci, 36, 973 (1981)] examined the influence of solvent viscosity upon the effective interfacial area in packed columns and concluded that for the systems studied the effective interfacial area a was proportional to the kinematic viscosity raised to the 0.7 power. Thus, the hydrodynamic behavior of a packed absorber is strongly affected by viscosity effects. Surface-tension effects also are important, as expressed in the work of Onda et al. (see Table 5-28-D). 

See also Treybal [Am. ln.st. Chem. Eng. J., 4, 202 (1958) 6, 5M (I960)] and Olander [Chem. Eng. Sci, 18, 47 (1963) 19, 275 (1964)]. The remaining discussion is confined to measured values of stage efficiency or volumetric overall coefficients. These are largely of value only for the particiilar systems studied. For this reason, one fairly complete study will be described, and the others will only be mentioned. 

Based on the system studies carried out and Table 23.1, it has been assessed that in actual operation, effective current through a capacitor circuit may increase up to 1.3 limes its rated cunent, /,., i.e. = 1.3 /, to account for all the harmonic effects (V, - Jf. equation (23.4)). A capacitor unit is thus designed for at least M)9r continuous overload capacity (Section 25.6). Its switching and protective devices are selected along similar lines. 

In rapidly changing loads it must be ensured that enough discharged capacitors are available in tbe circuit on every close command. To achieve this, sometimes it may be necessary to provide special discharge devices (Section 25.7) across the capacitor terminals or a few extra capacitor units to keep them ready for the next switching. It may require a system study on the pattern of load variations... 

An open test cell from which effluent can be discharged and analyzed for emergency relief system studies. 

In the bibliography to ISO/TS 16949 there is only one customer reference manual mentioned the QS-9000 Measurement Systems Analysis Manual. This provides excellent guidelines for selecting procedures to assess the quality of a measurement system. It includes an introduction to measurement systems, explains the factors that cause variation in a measurement system, has guidance for preparing for a measurement system study, and includes step-by-step procedures for determining the degree of each type of variation present in a measurement system. 

Perform measurement system studies on each measurement system and bring the system under statistical control. 

Both from the experimental or theoretical point of view, clusters studies present many difficulties due to their typical size (1-10 nm), usually larger than current systems studied in chemistry, but also too small for many physical standard techniques of characterisation and manipulation. 

For the system studied in [174], it turns out that the oil/water interface is not wetted by the microemulsion, even though the latter is weakly structured. Hence fluctuations do shift the wetting transition beyond the disorder... 

The charge-tranter concept of Mulliken was introduced to account for a type of molecular complex formation in which a new electronic absorption band, attributable to neither of the isolated interactants, is observed. The iodine (solute)— benzene (solvent) system studied by Benesi and Hildebrand shows such behavior. Let D represent an interactant capable of functioning as an electron donor and A an interactant that can serve as an electron acceptor. The ground state of the 1 1 complex of D and A is described by the wave function i [Pg.394]

The oxidation of amines by mercuric acetate is an old reaction (54) which up until recent years was employed primarily to modify alkaloid structures (55). A systemic study of the oxidizing action of mercuric acetate by Leonard and co-workers led to the development of a general method for the synthesis of enamines from cyclic tertiary amines. An observation made after a large number of compounds were oxidized, but which is worth noting at the onset, is that a tertiary hydrogen alpha to the nitrogen atom is removed preferentially to a secondary a-hydrogen. 

Final report on emergency systems study due to Congress [Section 305(b)]... 

Limiting the systems studied to first and sccond-row atoms n extrapolating results for other types of systems—for example, l containing transition metals—somewhat problematic. 

The second system studied was the separation of the chiral epoxide enantiomers (la,2,7,7a-tetrahydro-3-methoxynaphth-(2,3b)-oxirane Sandoz Pharma) used as an intermediate in the enantioselective synthesis of optically active drugs. The SMB has been used to carry out this chiral separation [27, 34, 35]. The separation can be performed using microcrystalline cellulose triacetate as stationary phase with an average particle diameter greater than 45 )tm. The eluent used was pure methanol. A... 

---