Herbicides markets

Although the ratios have varied from year to year since 1979, the selective herbicides used in com production have accounted for approximately 21% of herbicide use on a per crop basis (24). Herbicide use in soybean and cotton production combined account for ca 23% of the selective herbicide market. Graminicides, which selectively kill grasses, constitute 40% of the total market, leaving a market share of approximately 16% for the nonselective herbicides. 

Herbicide market, 13 285-286 Herbicide-resistant crops (HRCs),... 

Uses. Herbicide marketed as the sodium salt or a mixture of the sodium and magnesium salts used to control grasses in a wide variety of crops and in a number of noncrop applications, such as along drainage ditches and railroads and in industrial areas. 

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) dominated the herbicide market up to the late 1960s. These are sometimes called phenoxy herbicides. Phenol is the starting material for 2,4-D. Chlorination via electrophilic aromatic substitution (know the mechanism ) gives 2,4-dichlorophenol. The sodium salt of this compound can react with sodium chloroacetate (Sn2) and acidification gives 2,4-D. 

In the developed world in markets such as small grain cereals, soybean, maize and rice, the value of the herbicide market is much larger than either insecticides or fungicides (Figure 1.1). This is because the econo-... 

The share of the herbicide market of individual companies varies with the success that each has found with its discovery programme. Table 1.2 shows the approximate share each major company has of the global herbicide market. The top three companies have launched three very successful compounds that have each managed to establish and maintain a large share of a huge international market - Ciba with atrazine, Monsanto with glyphosate and Zeneca (previously ICI) with paraquat. 

Table 1.2 Estimated share of world herbicide market...

Groundwater. Atrazine dominated the world herbicide market in the 1980s, and contamination of groundwater has been reported in several locations in the U.S., Europe, and South Africa. Successful biodegradation has been achieved with indigenous organisms in laboratory mesocosms after a lag phase, and once activity was found, it remained, It is clear that intrinsic remediation is likely to lead to the disappearance of atrazine from groundwaters. 

Methylthio-v-triazine group candidates reaching the herbicide market were the following ... 

On the other hand, the broad weed control spectrum of chloramben, which was introduced in 1959, brought with it widespread acceptance. As an over-the-row band for control of both broadleaf and grass weeds, cost was minimized. With good crop tolerance, chloramben dominated the early soybean herbicide market. During 1972, 85% of the product was applied as the granular formulation (Table 4.2). However, as application practices changed for the soybean crop, banded applications became an inconvenience. Herbicides such as metribuzin (a triazine herbicide), linuron, and bentazon, which could be applied as an affordable broadcast treatment, soon became products of choice, and the marketing of chloramben was eventually discontinued in 1990. 

Application versatility, combined with a high level of crop tolerance, led to atrazine being the most widely used corn herbicide in history. In fact, atrazine led the US com herbicide market within several years of its introduction. Illinois corn farmer surveys show a steady increase in the use of atrazine in corn from its debut in 1960, with 75-85% of com being treated with atrazine since 1975. 

Figure 11. Projected U.S. herbicide market by product groups...

The publication TcVim Chzm icoit recently projected growth of the herbicide market by product group (6 ) (Fig. 11). In 1974, the first column, we find arsenicals with 1% of the market phenoxies with 4.7% phenylureas such as diuron, linuron, and fluometuron with 6.6% benzoics such as chloramben, dicamba, tri-chlorobenzoic acid with 9.5% carbamates such as EPTC, diallate, and chloropropham with 10.2% and the tria-zines such as atrazine, prometryne, and cyanazine with 29.7%. The "others" category with 38.3% includes alachlor, paraquat, trifluralin, and some of the more recent product entries such as bentazon, glyphosate, and metribuzin. 

The second column depicts the 1980 herbicide market as compared with 1974, with a 44% growth increase overall. All product groups show some real growth, even though percent of the total market declines in all except the "others" category. The "others" category will show an actual increase of 72% and increase its percentage share of the market from 38.3 in 1974 to 45.8% in 1980. 

The chlorophenoxy groups of herbicides includes 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and many other chemically related compounds. The chlorophenoxy compounds are primarily selective herbicides and comprise approximately half the total domestic herbicide market. Although 2,4-D is essentially insoluble in water, its esters are slightly water-soluble, and salts of 2,4-D are completely water-soluble. Several of these compounds are used not only for application to plant foliage and soil but also as aquatic herbicides (8). Each year hundreds of tons of these compounds are applied directly to lakes, rivers, and other surface waters for weed control. Approximately 100,000 pounds of 2,4-D granules are applied annually to the lakes in the TVA system alone (7). The herbicide 2,4-D may persist for several months in lake water whereas the esters of 2,4-D are usually broken down in a few days (I). When applied to watershed areas, the phenoxy herbicides are not likely to constitute a major water pollution hazard since the rate of bacterial degradation is sufficiently rapid to destroy them within a few days (26). However, a few of these compounds can remain in the environment for a year or more. 

Glyphosate is the active ingredient of several broad spectrum commercial herbicides marketed by Monsanto St. Louis MO, that act by foliar absorption. Roundup is the most generally familiar of these products others include Vision, a formulation used widely in silvicultural weed control in the Pacific Northwest, and Rodeo. These formulations are water soluble and under most conditions have negligible residual activity in soil (i). ... 

Suspoemulsions have proven to be valuable tools to formulate ready mix products of various important active ingredients. Many of these have previously not been accessible due to their contrasting physiochemical characteristics. Examples of their impact can be seen in the US com herbicide market and the European fungicide market. SB s have proven to be particularly flexible tools to enable formulators to tailor make a constantly increasing number of difficult new product combinations and adjusting their product ranges to a changing industrial environment. 

In the herbicide market, more than USD 250 milHon of the sales of herbicides in the USA were transferred in 1998 from stand alone herbicides to herbicides that could be combined with a genetically modified crop. This redistribution of herbicides puts traditional agrochemical businesses at risk. Companies where herbicides account for more than 50 percent of the total revenues and that have a high market share in the USA are already suffering. The biggest short term losers are players that used to have strong sales in those areas (like soybean and com) where herbicide-resistant crops have been particularly successful. 

Space limitations do not allow every procedure of importance to be mentioned, but one that should be included is the production process for (S)-metolachlor, a herbicide marketed under fhe trade name Dual Magnum by Syngenta (formerly Ciba-Geigy). Volume-wise, this presently constitutes fhe largest production process of any kind applying an asymmetric reaction, with its aimual capacity of more than 10000 tonnes [35]. The efficiency obtained in fhis method based on a planar... 

In addition to exploiting the potential of polymer chemistry, Du Pont continued to commercialize new products in the divisions that had created their integrated learning bases before World War II. It did so in chemicals, including ammonia and methyl, and also in paints, finishes, and nonporous fabrics. After World War II, Du Pont began to build on its earlier potential in the production of insecticides and other agricultural chemicals (SIC 2879). Its innovative selective-weed-control products enabled it to capture 20 percent of the U.S. herbicide market by 1960. ... 

Ibid., for agricultural chemicals, pp. 446 47, 451 64 for percentage of herbicide market, see p. 458. By the early 1990s Du Pont was the second-largest and most profitable producer of herbicides in the world (Chemical Week, Sept. 8, 1993). 

Herbicides that inhibit enzymes important for amino acid synthesis account for 28% of the herbicide market. Just three enzymes are involved the enzyme that adds phosphoenolpyruvate to shikimate-3-phoshate in the pathway leading to aromatic compounds, the enzyme that makes glutamine from glutamate and ammonia, and the first common enzyme in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids. 

In 1995 over 1.7 billion worth of glyphosate was sold. (The total world market for herbicides is estimated to be 14 billion.) This herbicide thus makes up more than 12% of the herbicide market. It has been more than 30 years since the phytotoxic properties of glyphosate were first described, and it is still an herbicide with great unexploited potential through the use of genetically engineered crop plants resistant to it. Whether such techniques are ethically acceptable and favorable for the chemical environment and biodiversity is another question. The debate about this will probably continue for another decade or so. 

Herbicide Market Study," Doane Marketing Research, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08540 1984 (also available are reports on insecticides and specialty crops). 

A/-(Phosphonomethyl) C3H3NO5P OH Phosphonate Common herbicide marketed under the name ... 

Secondly, Table3.1 shows that the herbicide market was dynamic during the studied period, in the sense that several new treatment alternatives were introduced. In order to account for the potential special pricing policy of producers who release a new product, the variable INTRO describes how new the treatment is to the Italian herbicide market by assigning the year of introduction to each treatment, see Table 3.4 for details. At least two counteracting forces are conceivable here. A new product may be patented, and Beach and Carlson (1993) found a positive relationship between the existence of a patent and herbicide expenditures. On the other hand, a low price policy maybe of help in the successful introduction of a new product. 

Thailand is a major market for pesticides with an annual growth rate between 1982 and 1-992 of 8.8%. Since 1992, the market has continued to grow but at a slower rate. In 1994, sales totalled US 247 million. Following rapid growth in recent years, the herbicide market is now 51% of sales, while insecticides are 38% of the market and fungicides are 10%. 

The Section on Herbicides reflects not only the changes in herbicide markets worldwide but also the changes in importance of the different herbicide classes and modes of action for the market as well as for research and development. 

With the invention of the aceto-hydoxy-add synthesis inhibitors (AHAS) the dominance of herbiddes that ad as photosynthesis inhibitors was dramatically broken - as it was also by the development of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops. These especially important areas of research and development, from the 1990s up to now, are exemplified in Chapters 3 and 7. The development of 12 new sulfonyl urea herbicides launched since 1995 and the invention of four development compounds of the same chemical class, after the introduction to the market of twenty compounds already between 1980 and 1995, refleds the importance of this biochemical mode of adion for the herbicide market as well as the different chemistries found to be active at this target, such as imidazolinones, triazolo-pyrimidines, pyrimidinyl-carboxylates, and sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinones. 

---