Pricing policy

The following items may accompany this text. Please consult your McGraw-Hill representative for policies, prices, and availability as some restrictions may apply. 

In order to encourage the world in following the new policy, prices for the intermediates have been about the same as for ore concentrates in regard to W content, which means that it was cheaper to buy APT instead of buying ore concentrate and converting it themselves. The same happened with ferrotungsten. The answer. of the... 

While these and many other contemporary quality policies would not need to be publicized 20 or so years ago, policy statements are not something new to the automobile industry. The General Motors of the 1920s under the direction of Alfred P Sloan used corporate policy as a means of coordinating the efforts of several divisions. GM s quality policy was to build quality products sold at fair prices and in setting up an Executive Gommittee Sloan wrote on the subject of quality, A carefully designed policy should be... 

You need to develop documented procedures that define your subcontractor evaluation and selection process and in certain cases this may result in several closely-related procedures for use when certain conditions apply. Do not try to force every purchase through the same selection process. Having purchasing policies that require three quotations for every purchase regardless of past performance of the current subcontractor is placing price before quality. Provide flexibility so that the policies and procedures complexity match the risks anticipated. Going out to tender for a few standard nuts and bolts would seem unwise. Likewise, placing an order for lm of equipment based solely on the results of a third party ISO 9000 certification would also seem unwise. 

Each of these products is different each uses a different technology, is subject to different market forces, different production characteristics, distribution practices, and pricing systems. Yet, the dominant trends in energy efficiency, and in the policies used to affect it, show rcniarkablc siniilarity across end uses. 

Additionally, as a response to rising energy prices and uncertainty of supply, several states adopted appliance efficiency standards. At the federal level, the National Appliance Energy Consei vation Act of 1987 established the first national standards for refrigerators and freezers, furnaces, air conditioners, and other appliances. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 added national standards for incandescent and fluorescent lights, small electric motors, office equipment, and plumbing products. 

Another U.S. policy to attain energy independence was to force all Alaskan North Slope crude oil to he consumed inside the United States and not be allowed to he exported. The problem was that North Slope crude oil is relatively heavy and not suitable for west coast fuel needs. The mismatch of supply and demand caused California refineries to sell heavy distillate fuels abroad and import lighter fuel additives. Furthermore, the forced selling of Alaska crude oil on a very saturated west coast market caused Alaska crude prices to he 1 to 5 per barrel less than the international price, resulting in less oil exploration and development in Alaska. The upshot of all this was lower tax revenue, a loss of jobs in the oil fields, and less oil exploration and development on the North Slope. The United States actually exported heavy bunker fuel oil at a loss, as opposed to the profit that could have been attained by simply exporting crude oil directly. 

Worrell, E. Price, L. Martin, N. Faria, J. and Schaeffer, R. (1997). Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry A Comparison of Physical and Economic Indicators. Energy Policy 25 (7-8) 727-744. 

Bam, J.. S. (1047). The Economics of the Pacific Coast Petroleum Industry, Part III Public Policy Toward Competition and Prices. Berkeley Umversiry of... 

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