Herbicide soybeans

In 1980 United States herbicide sales of 2,166 billion represented 44% of the total worldwide pesticide sales for crops (17). In the United States herbicides represented 66% of all pesticide sales for crops (Table I ll). Herbicides for row crops account for 84% of the total United States herbicide sales with 35% being sold in corn and 34% in soybean. Herbicide sales in small grain crops stand at 8% of the total with 7.5% divided... 

On the other hand, the broad weed control spectrum of chloramben, which was introduced in 1959, brought with it widespread acceptance. As an over-the-row band for control of both broadleaf and grass weeds, cost was minimized. With good crop tolerance, chloramben dominated the early soybean herbicide market. During 1972, 85% of the product was applied as the granular formulation (Table 4.2). However, as application practices changed for the soybean crop, banded applications became an inconvenience. Herbicides such as metribuzin (a triazine herbicide), linuron, and bentazon, which could be applied as an affordable broadcast treatment, soon became products of choice, and the marketing of chloramben was eventually discontinued in 1990. 

Soybean Herbicide tolerance Leaf Agrobacterium tumefaciens CP4 EPSPS (44)... 

Soybean Herbicide tolerant 27.8 million pounds less herbicide active ingredients in 2001 (50.016 million acres) Comparison of glyphosate use with a theoretical alternative herbicide mix for each US state based on experts views... 

General LC/MS Conditions for Sulfonylurea Multiresidue Analysis. We have developed general thermospray LC/MS conditions for the purpose of separating and detecting six different sulfonylurea herbicides. These conditions can be used as a guide fra- a variety of LC/MS residue applications which may require the analysis of one or more of these herbicides. Our procedure includes GLEAN (chlorsulfuron), ALLY (metsulfuron methyl), HARMONY (thiameturon) and EXPRESS cereal herbicides, CLASSIC (chlorimuron ethyl) soybean herbicide and OUST (sulfometuron-methyl) noncrop land herbicide. (Structure 1)... 

In an effort to find new agricultural herbicides a new class of broad spectrum soybean herbicides, the 3-isoxazolidinones, was discovered. The discovery, synthesis, and structure - activity relationships of this new class of herbicides and the related compounds will be discussed. 

Transgenic soybean plants expressing the CTP-CP4 EPSPS display commercial levels of Roundup tolerance. These results vaUdate the importance of substrate kinetics of EPSPS in order to maintain adequate rates of aromatic biosynthesis. Furthermore, the fact that glyphosate tolerance can be obtained by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant EPSPS illustrates that the herbicidal mode of action of glyphosate is related solely to inhibition of the EPSPS reaction. 

Although the ratios have varied from year to year since 1979, the selective herbicides used in com production have accounted for approximately 21% of herbicide use on a per crop basis (24). Herbicide use in soybean and cotton production combined account for ca 23% of the selective herbicide market. Graminicides, which selectively kill grasses, constitute 40% of the total market, leaving a market share of approximately 16% for the nonselective herbicides. 

The second most important (3%) use of sodium chlorate in 1990 was as an intermediate in the production of other chlorates and of perchlorates. The use of sodium chlorate as in agricultural appHcation amounted to about 7000 metric tons in 1990. The agricultural use of sodium chlorate is as a herbicide, as a defoHant for cotton (qv). Magnesium chlorate is used as a desiccant for soybeans to remove the leaves prior to mechanical picking (see Desiccants). 

Dinoseb 0.007 0.007 Reproductive difficulties Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables... 

P. A. Harris, H. H. Schomberg, P. A. Banks, and J. Giddens, Burning, tillage and herbicide effects on the soil microflora in a wheat-soybean double-crop system. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27 153 (1995). 

In general, triazines are pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides particularly effective on annual and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, soybeans, sugar cane, and a host of other fruit and cereal crops. Some have anti-fungicidal properties (e.g., anilazine), and some (e.g., simazine) can be used for... 

Diphenyl ethers are both systemic and contact herbicides and are used for the selective control of annual broad-leaved weeds and grasses in a variety of crops (such as soybeans, maize, rice, wheat, barley, peanuts, cotton, onions and ornamental trees) under different application scenarios. This class of herbicides contains a diphenyl ether moiety as the core substructure. Acifluorfen, bifnox, chlomethoxyfen, chlorni-trofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl and fomesafen, etc., are representative compounds of the diphenyl ether herbicides (Figure 1). 

Use pattern Prodiamine is used in alfalfa, cotton, soybeans, vines, nuts, and turf as a pre-plant and post-emergence grass and broad-leaved herbicide... 

Sulfentrazone is a broad-spectrum, pre-emergent herbicide that provides good control over broadleaf weeds, grasses and sedges in crops and turf. The metabolism of sulfentrazone in animals and plants is similar. The major plant metabolite of sulfentrazone is 3-hydroxymethyl sulfentrazone (HMS). The soybean tolerance of 0.05 mg kg includes residues of sulfentrazone plus its major metabolite, HMS. The rotational crop tolerance includes residues of sulfentrazone and its major metabolites, HMS and... 

Soybean Monsanto/1994 EPSPS Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 Tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate... 

Fluthiacet-methyl is a selective contact herbicide for the post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds in corn and soybeans. 

It has been estimated that without the use of herbicides in the United States the losses due to weeds in cotton, corn, peanuts, and soybeans would be 40, 25, 90, and 24% of the total crop value, respectively (12). An impact assessment study has shown that the loss of all herbicides would increase the consumers food bill by 8 billion annually (13). 

Between 1971 and 1982 the proportion of row crop acreage in the United States treated with herbicides increased from 71 to 91% (Tablell). A modest increase of 38 to 44% occurred in small grain crops. During 1981 ninety percent or greater of the acreage in corn, cotton, soybeans, peanuts, and rice (Oryza sativa L.) was treated with a herbicide (16). 

A total of 94 and 204.7 million kilograms of herbicides were applied to crops in 1971 and 1982, respectively, in the United States (Tablell). Total quantity of herbicides applied in row crops increased by 43% and in small grains by 66% between 1971 and 1982. In 1971 corn, cotton, and soybeans received 49, 9, and 18%, respectively, of the total quantity of herbicides applied while in 1982 they received 54, 4, and 28%, respectively (16). 

The value of all herbicides for crops marketed worldwide in 1980 was estimated at about 4.9 billion (17). The sale of herbicides for weed control in corn in the United States represented 70 and 49% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases in corn, respectively. The sale of herbicides in soybeans represents 82 and 69% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases in soybeans, respectively. The sale of herbicides for weed control in row crops in the United States represents 62 and 36% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases for row crops, respectively. 

Figure 5. Relationship between extractable PAL activity and anthocyanin content of soybean hypocotyls of light-grown seedlings 48 h after treatment with various herbicides. Data points are mean values bounded by ellipses with axes 1 SE for each mean. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 31, Copyright 1983, Weed Science.

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