Hazard Control and Correction

Organizations must use the concept known as hierarchy of controls to reduce, eliminate, and control hazards or hazardous processes. Hazard controls can also include actions such as using enclosure, 

Step A Break the job down—Examine each step in the process for hazards or unsafe conditions that could develop during job accomphshments 

Step B Identify hazards—Document process hazards, environmental concerns, and any anticipated human issues Step C Evaluate hazards—Assess identified hazards and behaviors to determine their potential roles in an accident event 

Step D Develop and design hazard controls—Develop or design the best hazard control based on evaluating each hazard. Coordinate implementation of all feasible controls Step E Implement required controls—Coordinate and obtain management approval for implementation Step F Revise and pubhsh the JHA information—Update the JHA and then communicate implementation actions with tile organizational members 

Passive hazard controls would not require continuous or even occasional actions from system users. Active controls would require operators and users to accomplish a task at some point during the operation to reduce risks and control hazards (Table 1.18). 

Implement processes or systems to report and track hazard correction actions Establish a timetable for implementing corrective hazard controls Prioritize hazards as identified by inspections, reporting, and accident investigations Require employees to report hazards using an established processes Provide quick feedback about the status of hazard correction activities Delegate responsibility for correcting hazards and documenting completion Permit supervisors and experienced employees to initiate hazard control actions 

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Hazard identification and control are important aspects of safety in a laboratory. Most hazards in a laboratory environment involve either unsafe conditions or behavior. Conditions can be controlled through proper analysis and inspection of the work environment, and implementation of controls to reduce or eliminate the exposure to these hazards. A formal job hazard analysis, where individual tasks are observed, broken down into their individual components, and analyzed for existing and potential hazards is necessary for hazard identification and corrective action. This activity must be followed by periodic formal inspections and hazard assessments. 

Do supervisors enforce hazard control and safety rules fairly and correct unsafe behaviors ... 

Remember that effective hazard analysis leads to effective hazard control or correction Identify employees at risk of exposure and evaluate control measures Establish a baseline to be used throughout a continuous or ongoing process Use inspections to identify and assess hazards in each work environment Determine potential hazard severity and possible effects on workers Evaluate PPE effectiveness... 

HACCP is one of the minimum standards that is often required in a food processing enterprise to ensure that products do not contain harmful levels of biological, physical or chemical hazards such as pathogenic microorganisms or toxins. The overall idea of HACCP is to identify specific CCPs, which are those steps in the production process where the safety of the final product can be controlled most efficiently, and then define systematic procedures for monitoring and corrective action, to ensure that the risk is controlled at each... 

Preliminary Hazard Analysis. The next step in the process is the development of a PHA. This analysis is the core of the FSS program and as such is vital in eliminating or reducing the inherent hazards associated with this laboratory operation. The PHA is used to further analyze the data identified in the PHL. This enhances the hazard control data base and provides specific recommended corrective action for the resolution of hazardous conditions. A combination of the informational sources used in the PHL development and any additional design information should be used in PHA development. 

Good process control is required with weldbonding to ensure correct joint filling of the adhesive and to avoid weld quality problems. The process needs to be carefully controlled so that health and safety requirements are met. Welding through the adhesive may create hazardous fumes, and little information is available as to the organic compounds that are produced. Suitable ventilation and fume extraction equipment should be provided. 

Rather than evaluate risks and the corresponding perceptions that establish risk levels, the thesis proposes to examine the extent of regulatory action necessary to ensure the correct management of a hazardous material and the likelihood that there is the need to take such a regulatory response. Extent of regulatory action therefore describes the scope and degree of risk communication, control and enforcement that regulators could need to take to respond to risk and social perceptions of risk. 

The difference between a DCS, where the HMI is usually an integral part of the system, and a PLC, which usually contains a controller and an HMI, is that separate software and hardware design specifications exist, and there will be separate build and Module Testing. Additionally, Integration Tests must take place to ensure that the individual systems communicate and interact in the correct manner. Any assessment of the potential hazards of such a system, such as a Computer HAZard and OPerabiUty (CHAZOP) smdy, should cover the total system. 

A state incinerator emissions limit requires 99% HCI control and allows 0.07 gr/dscf at 68°F, corrected to 50% EA. An incinerator is to bum 5 tons/h hazardous sludge waste containing 2% Cl, 80% C, 5% inerts, and the balance H2O by weight. Perform the following calculations ... 

A PHA has traditionally taken the form of inventorying all the materials and equipment to be used and deciding what are the hazardous elements. Intuition, experience and judgement are applied to determine what can lead to accidents and whether the risk is acceptable or the hazard must be corrected by controls and/or contingency plans. However, a more thorough review can be achieved with the following PHA procedure. 

The National Advisory Committee s Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) program has been endorsed as an effective and rational means of assuring food safety from harvest to consumption [8], The basic principles used to develop a HACCP plan include hazard analysis, verification procedures, critical control point identification, establishing critical limits, monitoring procedures, corrective actions, verification procedures, and record keeping and documentation. This same approach could be loosely applied to the identification and control of microbiological hazards encountered by consumers in their environment. 

All of the above statements are correct and indeed very relevant to the hazard register in question. However turning this into something that can be articulated as a well-constructed hazard register is not immediately obvious. Even at a most basic level determining which of these are hazard, causes, controls and impacts can be a challenge. So where to go from here ... 

By tagging those controls which are safety-related one is able to derive a set of basic safety requirements. Safety requirements, when described in sufficient detail, are vital to testers tasked with formulating appropriate test cases. In this way solid traceability is created from the outset - simple but logical linkage between hazards, controls, requirements and test cases. Of course it is essential that the test cases created truly describe the expected system behaviour and that the integrity is not lost in traceability Chinese-whispers. It can therefore be useful for those formulating the hazard register to review the test cases and their validation criteria to ensure that the true nature of the test is correctly captured from a safety perspective. 

A second use of feedback is to detect faults and failures in the controlled system, including the physical process and any computer controllers and displays. If the operator is expected to monitor a computer or automated decision making, then the computer must make decisions in a manner and at a rate that operators can follow. Otherwise they will not be able to detect faults and failures reliably in the system being supervised. In addition, the loss of confidence in the automation may lead the supervisor to disconnect it, perhaps under conditions where that could be hazardous, such as during critical points in the automatic landing of an airplane. When human supervisors can observe on the displays that proper corrections are being made by the automated system, they are less likely to intervene inappropriately, even in the presence of disturbances that cause large control actions. 

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is last in the hierarchy of hazard control. PPE is less desirable than engineering and administrative controls for the control of hazards but is still critical. The appropriate PPE fitted correctly is a reliable barrier against known hazards. The biggest drawback against PPE is that some workers are careless about their selection of PPE for a job and choose ineffective PPE or they do not ensure that it is properly fitted and used. The function of PPE is to protect the user s entire body, including the respiratory system, eyes, hearing, head, hands, etc. 

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