Incineration, emissions

Most carbon adsorption units use granular activated carbon (GAC). The powdered form of activated carbon (PAC) typically is less than 100 microns in diameter and may be used to reduce dioxins in incinerator emissions (2) and in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater treatment (see the section on "Activated Sludge"). 

E Consumers of animal-based foods Incineration emissions Dioxins Uptake into animals through contaminated feed, storage in animal tissues Ingestion... 

Results For the St. Louis data, the target transformation analysis results for the fine fraction without July Uth and 5th are given in table 6. The presence of a motor vehicle source, a sulfur source, a soil or flyash source, a titanium source, and a zinc source are indicated. The sulfur, titanium and zinc factors were determined from the simple initial test vectors for those elements. The concentration of sulfur was not related to any other elements and represents a secondary sulfate aerosol resulting from the conversion of primary sulfur oxide emissions. Titanium was found to be associated with sulfur, calcium, iron, and barium. Rheingrover ( jt) identified the source of titanium as a paint-pigment factory located to the south of station 112. The zinc factor, associated with the elements chlorine, potassium, iron and lead, is attributed to refuse incinerator emissions. This factor could also represent particles from zinc and/or lead smelters, though a high chlorine concentration is usually associated with particles from refuse incinerators ( ). The sulfur concentration in the refined sulfate factor is consistent with that of ammonium sulfate. The calculated lead concentration in the motor vehicle factor of ten percent and a lead to bromine ratio of about 0.28 are typical of values reported in the literature (25). The concentration of lead in... 

Law SL, Gordon GE. 1979. Sources of metals in municipal incinerator emissions. Environmental Science and Technology 13 432-438. 

Fries GF, Paustenbach DJ. 1990. Evaluation of potential transmission of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-contaminated incinerator emissions to human via foods. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 29 1-43. 

O Keefe PW, Smith RM, Hilker DR, et al. 1989. Interlaboratory validation of PCDD and PCDF concentrations found in municipal incinerator emissions. Chemosphere 18 185-192. 

Smith AH. 1987. Infant exposure assessment for breast milk dioxins and fiirans derived from waste incineration emissions. Risk Anal 7 347-353. 

Potential chemicals of concern resulting from incineration operations are identified prior to any trial burns, as part of the permitting process. Typically, a few hundred chemicals of concern are identified, but only a small sampling are actually present in incinerator emissions. Since actual emissions data were not initially available from disposal facility sites in the continental United States, data from JACADS operations were used until site-specific emissions data became available. Also, if a given chemical of concern is not detected in site emissions, then it is assumed to be present at the minimum detection limit concentration, whether or not it is actually there. 

Ding WH, Valente H, Spink D, Aldous K, Hilker D, Connor S (1989), Chemosphere 18 1935-1942. Application of multivariate data analysis to evaluate total PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal incinerator emission"... 

A state incinerator emissions limit requires 99% HCI control and allows 0.07 gr/dscf at 68°F, corrected to 50% EA. An incinerator is to bum 5 tons/h hazardous sludge waste containing 2% Cl, 80% C, 5% inerts, and the balance H2O by weight. Perform the following calculations ... 

Based on the required incinerator emission standard of 0.07 gr/dscf, the maximum emission rate allowed at 50% EA is as follows. The volume of gas generated per hour, q, can be calculated ... 

An incinerator bums mercury-contaminated waste. The waste material has an ash content of 1%. The solid waste feed rate is 1000 Ib/h and the gas flowrate is 20,000 dscfm. It is reported that the average mercury content in the particulates was 2.42 pg/g when the vapor concentration was 0.3mg/dscm. For the case where incinerator emissions meet the particulate standard of 0.08 gr/dscf (0.1832 g/dscm) with a 99.5% efficient electrostatic precipitator (ESP), calculate ... 

Type of Emissions in Effluent Gas Stream Standards for New Incinerators Typical Incinerator Emissions Controls Needed to Meet Standards SCWO Inherent Performance (No Gas Clean-up)... 

D) Hazardous Waste Emissions The Commission requests the Committee include a review of EPA s June 1998 document. Development of a Hazardous Waste Incinerator Target Analyte List of Products of Incomplete Combustion, which concluded that current sampling methods for characterizing hazardous waste incinerator emissions provide an incomplete picture of the emission profile, and that a large number of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) remain unidentified therefore the health effects of these compounds are unknown. 

Williams R, Meares J, Brooks L, et al. 1994. Priority pollutant PAH analysis of incinerator emission particles using HPLC and optimized fluorescence. Int J Environ Anal Chem 54(4) 299- 314. 

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act allows states to establish regulations more stringent than federal standards. Although the act is intended to minimize potential health hazards, some states want complete assurance of no long-term health effects. According to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia to adequately document and ensure that incinerator emissions do not cause cancer, a 30-year epidemiological... 

Involves collecting incinerator emissions in several large collapsible holding tanks. Once filled, a tank s contents would be analyzed for toxic substances. If safe, the tank would be emptied to the atmosphere. If not, then the tank s contents would be recycled through the afterburner. 

Environmental Protection The public was concerned about possible contamination of soil and surface water at the waste storage sites and what impact incinerator emissions would have on the environment. The public requested that additional environmental monitoring be carried out by an independent agency and that an independent consultant be hired to review the project environmental assessment documentation. 

Health and Safety The public requested further information on the short- and long-term potential health effects related to incinerator emissions and what emergency response plans were in place to protect workers and the general public in case of accidents. 

---