Microbiological hazards

Designation of restricted areas, e.g. containing flammable materials, eye protection zones, hearing protection zones, radiological hazards, microbiological hazards Ensuring freedom from obstruction of roads, stairs, gangways, escape routes Control of vehicles... 

Harris-Smith, R. and Evans, C.G.T. (1974). Bioengineering and protection during hazardous microbiological processes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, 4, 837-855. 

The pipelines wear and increase of their total length, complex natural-technical and social terms of operation of the most hazardous objects e g., nuclear and heating power plants, chemical and microbiological enterprises, air-space systems, hydro-technical installations, all types of traffic, etc. — here are the reasons of urgent necessity to use as much as possible the NDT and TD systems. 

Microbiology problems (such as 2 and above 3) together with corrosion of materials and health hazards... 

For food and drink, medical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics production the microbiological quality of the water becomes paramount. Even in applications where biological quality is not directly important, uncontrolled growth can be a damaging nuisance. Warm-water systems and cooling circuits in particular are a potential hazard (e.g. from Legionella). Some water treatment or conditioning is commonly required. 

Detailed examination of reports in the literature of medicament-borne contamination reveals that the majority ofthese are anecdotal in nature, referring to a specific product and isolated incident. Little information is available, however, as to the overall risk of products becoming contaminated and causing patient infections when subsequently used. As with risk analysis in food microbiology (assessment of the hazards of... 

Sterilization is an essential stage in the processing of aity product destined for parenteral administration, or for contact with broken skin, mucosal surfaces or internal organs, where the threat of infection exists, hi addition, the sterilization of microbiological materials, soiled dressings and other contaminated items is necessary to minimize the health hazard associated with these articles. 

Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors (1997) London HMSO. Spooner D.F. (1996) Hazards associated with the microbiological contamination of cosmetics, toiletries andnon-sterile pharmaceuticals. Iw.Microhial Quality Assurance in Cosmetics, Toiletries andNon-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2nd edn (eds R.M. Baird S.F. Bloomfield), pp. 9-27. London Taylor Francis. 

SCF (Scientific Committee for Food), Principles for the development of risk assessment of microbiological hazards for the development of hygiene rules for foodstuffs as covered by the hygiene of foodstuffs directive 93/43/EEG. CS/FMH/CRIT/2 Rev 1, 1996. 

Gas may be formed by microbiological degradation of organics, evaporation and volatilization of volatile materials, or chemical reactions. The high combustibility of methane—a major component of landfill-generated gas—is a potential hazard. The emission of gas can be accelerated by elevated temperatures and venting conditions. Air pollution, which may result from gaseous... 

Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) Suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment requiring standard microbiological practices. 

These preceding examples are clear evidence of the new sophistication available in environmental microbiology that contribute more specific and quantitative information on the structure of biodegradative microbial communities. Such information will lead to additional experimental study on the degree to which specific chemical biodegradation can be controlled and enhanced (in terms of total population densities) as a means for increasing the relative rate of removal of specific hazardous chemicals fi om the environment. 

Bloomfield SF. Microbial contamination spoilage and hazard. In Denyer S, Baird R, eds. Guide to Microbiological Control in Pharmaceuticals. Chichester EUis Horwood, 1990 29-52. 

An action level in microbiological environmental monitoring is the level of microorganisms that, when exceeded, requires immediate follow-up and, if necessary, corrective action. The evaluation does not depend on the number of colonies only but also on the types of microbes isolated and the suspected hazard. 

In the guide to inspection of oral solutions and suspensions [29], it is stated that in some oral liquids microbiological contamination can present significant health hazard. For instance, microbiological contamination with gram-negative... 

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