Gas chromatography flame photometric detection

Each sample was fortified with chlorpyrifos, as a reference standard, to determine the recovery during each extraction. Three portions of solvent were used, and the combined extract for each sample was dried with sodium sulfate. Analyses employed gas chromatography/flame photometric detection. Limits of detection for vegetation and animal tissues were 0.2 and 0.007 pg respectively. Recoveries from fortified samples were 82%. Diazoxon occurrence was infrequenf and at trace concentrations. 

Sass S, Parker GA. 1980. Structure-response relationship of gas chromatography-flame photometric detection to some organophosphorus compounds. J Chromatogr 189(3) 331-349. 

M De Paoli, TM Barbina, R Mondini, A Pezzoni, A Valentino. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits by on-line size-exclusion chromatography-liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr 626 145-150, 1992. 

Berijani, S., Y. Assadi, M. Anbia, M.-R. Milani Hosseini, and E. Aghaee. 2006. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection Very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water. J. Chromatogr. A 1123 1-9. 

Matthias et al. [216] have described a comprehensive method for the determination of aquatic butyltin and butylmethyltin species at ultratrace levels using simultaneous sodium borohydride hydridisation, extraction with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection. The detection limits for a lOOmL sample were 7ng L 1 of tin for tetrabutyltin and tributyltin, 3ng L 1 of tin for dibutyltin and 22ng L 1 tin for monobutyltin. For 800mL samples detection limits were l-2ng L 1 tin for tri- and tetrabutyltin and below lng L 1 tin for dibutyltin. The technique was applied to the detection of biodegradation products of tributyltin in non saline waters. 

M. B. De La Calle-Guntinas, C. Brunori, R. Scerbo, S. Chiavarini, P. Quevauviller, F. Adams, R. Morabito, Determination of selenomethionine in wheat samples comparison of gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12 (1997), 1041-1046. 

Leek, C. and Bagander, L. E., Determination of reduced sulfur compounds in aqueous solutions using gas chromatography flame photometric detection. Anal. Chem., 60, 1680-1683, 1988. 

Matthias CL, Bellama JM, Olson GJ, and Brinckkman EE (1986) Comprehensive method for the determination of aquatic butyl tin and butylmethyl tin species at ultratrace levels using simultaneous hybridization/extraction with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. Environmental Science and Technology 20 609-615. 

It was necessary to develop three different portable modules to achieve on-site field analysis capability. The first module consisted of pre-cleaned and sealed sample collection equipment, providing the capability to obtain any type of sample. The second module allowed for complete chemical work-up of the collected samples to prepare them for instrumental analysis. A third module contained analytical instrumentation necessary for chemical identification. The instrumentation included a gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC/FPD) to prescreen samples for phosphorus- and/or sulfur-bonded organic compounds. In addition, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was employed for positive compound identification. 

Boraiko C, Yoder R, Cooper J, Lieckfield R Jr, Remski M (2004) Sampling and analysis of butyltin compounds in air using gas chromatography and flame photometric detection. Journai of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1 (1 ) 50-56. 

Jiang GB, Xu FZ, Zhang FJ (1999) Dioctyltin and tributyltin detection at trace levels in water and beverages by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 363(3) 256-260. 

Baynes RE, Bowen JM. 1995. Rapid determination of methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon in milk by gas chromatography with solid-phase extraction and flame photometric detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 78 812-815. 

Stan H-J, Mrowetz D. 1983. Residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in food with 2-dimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns and flame photometric detection. J High Resol Chromatog Chromatog Comm 6 255-263. 

In multi-residue analysis, an analyte is identified by its relative retention time, e.g., relative to aldrin when using ECD or relative to parathion or chlorpyrifos when using a flame photometric detection (FPD) and NPD. Such relative retention times are taken from corresponding lists for the columns used. Further evidence for the identity of an analyte is provided by the selectivity of the different detectors (Modules D1 to D3), by its elution behavior during column chromatography (Modules Cl and C2) and in some cases even by the peak form in a gas chromatogram. In a specific analysis for only some individual analytes, their retention times are compared directly with the corresponding retention times of the analytes from standard solutions. 

Oxime carbamates are not directly amenable to gas chromatography (GC) because of their high thermal instability, which often leads to their breakdown at the injection port or in the column during analysis. Analysis of oxime carbamates by GC with sulfur detection or flame photometric detection involves oxidation of the intact insecticides or alkaline hydrolysis to form the more volatile but stable oxime compound. Enzymatic techniques have been reported for the analysis of these compounds. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to determine aldicarb and its sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites and methomyl in water, soil, and sediment samples. 

AFID = alkali-flame ionization detection FID = flame ionization detection FPD = flame photometric detection GC = gas chromatography IGEFET = interdigitated gate electrode field-effect transistor ITMS = ion trap mass spectrometry MIMS = multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry MS = mass spectrometry... 

AAS = atomic absorption spectroscopy CdS04 = cadmium sulfate GC/ECD = electrochemical gas chromatographic detection GC/FPD = gas chromatography with flame photometric detection HC1 = hydrochloric acid H2S = hydrogen sulfide NaOH = sodium hydroxide NR = not reported PAS = photoacoustic spectroscopy... 

Radford-Knoery J, Cutter GA. 1993. Determination of carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide species in natural waters using specialized collection procedures and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Anal Chem 65 976-982. 

Garra and Muth [80] and Wasik and Brown [81] characterised crude, semi-refined, and refined oils by gas chromatography. Separation followed by dualresponse detection (flame ionisation for hydrocarbons and flame photometric detection for S-containing compounds) was used as a basis for identifying oil samples. By examination of chromatograms, it was shown that refinery... 

Valkirs et al. [105] have conducted an interlaboratory comparison or determinations of di- and tributyltin species in marine and estuarine waters using two methods, namely hydride generation with atomic absorption detection and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Good agreement was obtained between the results of the two methods. Studies on the effect of storing frozen samples prior to analysis showed that samples could be stored in polycarbonate containers at - 20 °C for 2 - 3 months without significant loss of tributyltin. 

DAGAN, S., Comparison of gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection-mass spectrometry, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as tools for trace level detection and identification, J. Chromatogr., A., 2000,868,229-247. 

Muller [76] has described a gas chromatographic method for the determination of tributyltin compounds in sediments. The tributyltin compounds are first converted to tributylmethyltin by reaction with ethyl magnesium bromide, and then analysed using capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tributyltin was found in samples of sediment and these results demonstrated that the technique has detection limits of less than 0.5pg L 1. 

GC = gas chromatography FPD = flame photometric detection MS = mass spectrometry SIM = selected ion moni tori ng... 

AFID = alkali flame ionization detector ECD = Electron capture detection EPA = Environmental Protection Agency FPD = flame photometric detection GC = gas chromatography GPC = gel permeation chromatography HRGC = high resolution gas chromatography NPD = nitrogen- phosphorus detection SPE = solid phase extraction device... 

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