Fireproofing

Following an explosion incident, local fires develop which it left uncontrolled, result in a conflagration of the entire facility and its destruction. Fire protection measures are provided as required to control these occurrences. The ideal fire protection measure is one that does not require addition action to implement and is always in place. These methods are considered passive protection measures and the most familiar is fireproofing. 

It has been demonstrated that steel strength decreases rapidly with temperature increases above 260 °C (500 °F). At 538 °C (1000 °F), its strength both in tension and compression is approximately half, at 649 °C (1200 °F) its strength decreases to less than one quarter. Bare steel exposed to hydrocarbon fires may absorb heat at rates from 10,000 to 30,000 Btu/hr/sq. ft., depending on the configuration of the exposure. Due to the high heat conduction properties of steel, it is readily possible for normally loaded steel members or vessels to lose their strength to the point of failure within ten minutes or less of a hydrocarbon fire exposure. 

Fireproofing for the petroleum and related industries follow the same concept as other industries except that the possible fire exposures are more severe in nature. The primary destructive effects of fire in the petroleum industry is very high heat, very rapidly, in the form of radiation, conduction and convection. This causes the immediate collapse of structures made of exposed steel construction. Radiation and convection effects usually heavily outweigh the factor of heat conduction for the 

It is theoretically possible, based on the assumption of the type of fire exposure (i.e., pool, jet, etc.) to calculate the heat effects from the predicted fire on every portion of petroleum facility. As of yet this extremely costly and cannot be performed economically for an entire facility. 

Typical locations where fire risk exposures are consider prevalent are  

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Clothes. Laboratories should be equipped with a sufficient number of fireproof blankets, so that a blanket is available at any point of the laboratory at a few seconds notice. Each blanket should be kept in a clearly labelled box, the lid of which is closed by its own weight and not by any mechanical fastening, which might delay removal of the blanket. The box itself should be kept in some open and unencumbered position in the laboratory. 

Finally, the student should familiarise himself with the contents of the Section in the Appendix upon Laboratory Accidents, with the position of the fire extinguisher, buckets of sand, first aid cabinet, and the fireproof blanket. 

One fireproof blanket— tlus is best stored in a special container just outside the First Aid Cupboard. 

Burning clothing. Prevent the person from running and fanning the flames. Make the victim he down on the floor, or throw him (her) down if necessary, and wrap the fireproof blanket firmly around the ignited clothes until the fire is extinguished. 

Lead sesquioxide is used as an oxidation catalyst for carbon monoxide ia exhaust gases (44,45) (see Exhaust control), as a catalyst for the preparation of lactams (46) (see Antibiotics, P-lactams), ia the manufacture of high purity diamonds (47) (see Carbon, diamond-natural), ia fireproofing compositions for poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastics (48), ia radiation detectors for x-rays and nuclear particles (49), and ia vulcanization accelerators for neoprene mbber (50). 

Plant Fireproofing. There is a growing practice in the chemical industry of locating principal equipment out of doors and to enclose only a control room where all instmments and control equipment are centered. The control room should be resistant to potential explosion, fire, and toxicity ha2ards of processes in the vicinity. Prompt and ordedy shutdown of processes following a serious incident is essential in order to minimise personnel-injury and property-loss ha2ards (65,66). 

Steel stmctures should be protected by approved fireproofing treatment, eg, concrete or insulating, ie, intumescent or ablative materials untreated steel should be protected by some method of cooling, eg, a water-spray system. 

With the exception of the soHd methoxide [19727-40-3], the lower antimony trialkoxides are colorless or slightly colored distillable Hquids, easily hydroly2ed. Thermally these alkoxides are rather stable. The lower antimony trialkoxides are manufactured from antimony trichloride, the higher from antimony trioxide, both on a small scale. They are used in polyester manufacture, in fireproofing, as catalysts, and for coatings. For further information about antimony trialkoxides, see references 21, 65, 98. 

Aluminum Sulfate (Alum). Alum, a double sulfate of potassium and aluminum having twelve waters of crystallization, KA1(S0 2 12H20, is the earliest referenced aluminum containing compound. It was mentioned by Herodotus in the fifth century BC. The Egyptians used alum as a mordant and as a medicine the Romans used it for fireproofing. Some alums contain sodium or ammonium ions in place of potassium. 

A stannic chloride pentahydrate—ammonium bifluoride formulation for fireproofing wool is commercially available and used in New Zealand and AustraHa (20) (see Elal retardants for textiles). 

Sodium tungstate is used in the manufacture of heteropolyacid color lakes, which are used in printing inks, plants, waxes, glasses, and textiles. It is also used as a fuel-ceU electrode material and in cigarette filters. Other uses include the manufacture of tungsten-based catalysts, for fireproofing of textiles, and as an analytical reagent for the deterrnination of uric acid. 

Chlorates are strong oxidising agents. Dry materials, such as cloth, leather, or paper, contaminated with chlorate may be ignited easily by heat or friction. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that chlorates do not come in contact with heat, organic materials, phosphoms, ammonium compounds, sulfur compounds, oils, greases or waxes, powdered metals, paint, metal salts (especially copper), and solvents. Chlorates should be stored separately from all flammable materials in a cool, dry, fireproof building. 

There are many references in the patent literature to azo dyes prepared from 4- and 5-aminoisothiazoles, 3-, 5- and 7-amino-1,2-benzisothiazoles, and their quaternized derivatives. These are particularly useful in the dyeing of synthetic fibres. Isothiazole compounds have also been suggested for other industrial purposes, such as corrosion inhibitors, fireproofing agents, additives in rubber vulcanization, photographic chemicals and fluorescent whiteners in detergents. 

Wherever the rising mains crosses through a floor of the building, fireproof barriers are provided as shown in Figure 28.3(b) to contain the spread of fire to other floors. 

THiERY, R, Fireproofing (English translation by goundry, j. h.), Elsevier, Amsterdam (1970)... 

Eire and smoke stop doors Ensure that fireproof doors and shutters are self-closing Keep all doors free from obstruction Ensure that fire check doors are kept closed... 

Where necessary, provide fireproof partitions/barriers to separate/protect cylinders. 

The shape of access openings may be circular or any other shapes. Circular access openings are used most frequently with pipe or bent plate sleeves. The projection of sleeve equals to the thickness of fireproofing or minimum 2 inches. The projection of sleeves shall be increased when necessary for reinforcing the skirt under certain loading conditions. 

Feuer-bestkndigkeit, /. fire-resistant quality, fireproofness refractoriness, -bestattung, /. cremation, -blende, /. fireblende, pyrostUp-nite. -briicke, /. fce bridge, -buchse, -biichse, /. fire box. 

Feuer-festigkeit, /. fireproofness refriwtori-ness. -flache,/. heating surface, feuerfltissig, a. molten, fused liquid at a high temperature. 

Feuer-kammer, /. fire chamber, fire box. -kitt, m. fireproof cement, -kriicke,/. furnswe rake, rabble, -kunst,/. pyrotechnics, -leihing,/. priming, train (MU.) fire control, feuerlos, a. fireless, lusterless. 

Feuer-saft, m. (7ron) slag bath, -schlauch, m. fire hose, schutzmittel, n. fireproofing agent, schwaden, m. fire-damp, -schwamm, m. tinder, punk. 

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