Strength, steel

It has been demonstrated that steel strength decreases rapidly with temperature increases above 260 °C (500 °F). At 538 °C (1000 °F), its strength both in tension and compression is approximately half, at 649 °C (1200 °F) its strength decreases to less than one quarter. Bare steel exposed to hydrocarbon fires may absorb heat at rates from 10,000 to 30,000 Btu/hr/sq. ft., depending on the configuration of the exposure. Due to the high heat conduction properties of steel, it is readily possible for normally loaded steel members or vessels to lose their strength to the point of failure within ten minutes or less of a hydrocarbon fire exposure. 

Miscellaneous High Strength Steels. Strengths above 1400—1700 MPa (203,000—246,500 psi) are not often used or requked in steels because of difficuldes in joining, ductility, and/or toughness. For specialized uses, however, it is possible to achieve such strength (see High PRESSURE... 

We selected the following system properties concrete strength = 4 ksi, steel strength = 60 ksi, and y — 0.9. ... 

The modem telecommunication plant increasingly relies on the use of optical fiber cables. The individual fibers inside the cable are coated with an epoxy acrylate polymer. Some of the cables are constructed of totally dielectric materials others may have a steel strength member in the center in the center of the core. The outer jacket in each case is made of polyethylene. The connections of individual fibers are placed into sealed polymer closures. 

ACI Committee 318 first approved the inclusion of Appendix D - Anchoring to Concrete in ACI 318/318R-02. It provided strength design requirements for anchorage to concrete that consider several potential failure modes such as steel strength, concrete breakout, anchor puUout, side-face blowout, and anchor pryout (shear) in accordance with the CCD Method. ACI 318-08 includes the following important enhancements to Appendix D ... 

Finally, as composite repairs become more familiar to the pipeline repair industry, there is a high probability that the entire industry will become more standardized.. Similar to how the steel industry developed a common means of specifying steel strengths, such as American National Steel Institute (ANSI) and American Petroleum Institute (API) have established standards for pipe, there will be more standards instituted into the nonmetallic repair design by the pipeline industry to ensure that the repairs meet specified performance standards. 

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