Passive protection measures

Facility Passive Protection Measures (e.g., Containment Dikes, Spacing, etc.) Form 0-2 hours after incident Major... 

Following an explosion incident, local fires develop which it left uncontrolled, result in a conflagration of the entire facility and its destruction. Fire protection measures are provided as required to control these occurrences. The ideal fire protection measure is one that does not require addition action to implement and is always in place. These methods are considered passive protection measures and the most familiar is fireproofing. 

Passive safety. If hazards cannot be avoided and there is a need to add safety measures, use passive protective measures instead of active or procedural measures. 

The sufficient increase in fire safety of fiberglass constractions may be achieved by using the passive protection measures - applying flame retardant in tumescent coatings. 

Corrosion protection measures are divided into active and passive processes. Electrochemical corrosion protection plays an active part in the corrosion process by changing the potential. Coatings on the object to be protected keep the aggressive medium at a distance. Both protection measures are theoretically applicable on their own. However, a combination of both is requisite and beneficial for the following reasons ... 

Industrial fire protection and safety engineers attempt to eliminate hazards at their source or to reduce their intensity with protective systems. Hazard elimination may typically require the use of alternative and less toxic materials, changes in the process, spacing or guarding, improved ventilation or, spill control or inventory reduction measures, fire and explosion protective measures - both active and passive mechanisms, protective clothing, etc. The level or protection is dependent on the risk prevalent at the facility versus the cost to implement safety measures. 

Most petroleum and chemical facilities rely on inherent safety and control features of the process, inherent design arrangements of the facility, and process safety ESD features as the prime loss prevention measures. These features are immediately utilized at the time of an incident. Passive and active explosion and fire protection measures are applicable after the initiating event has occurred and an adverse affect to the operation has been realized. These features are used until their capability has been exhausted or the incident has been controlled. 

The effectiveness of fire protection measures, both passive and active. 

Water spray systems for hydrocarbon facilities are routinely specified because of the rapid application means the system can provide and the excellent heat absorption a water based system represents. Water sprays are also used when passive fire protection measures (i.e., fireproofing, spacing, etc.) cannot practically be utilized. The key to providing an effective system is to ensure the surfaces to be protected receive adequate water densities and that the arrangements to activate the system are equally fast acting. By far the highest... 

The design basis, especially safety features that are built into the installation, must be documented. Management of change programs must preserve and keep the base record current and protect against degradation or elimination of safety features, including such measures as maximum intended inventories and passive protection systems. 

Measures to reduce the impact of fire include active and passive systems. Active systems include automatic sprinkler, water deluge, water mist, gaseous agent, dry chemical, foam, and standpipe handle systems. Passive protection is provided by fire resistive construction, including spray-applied or cementitious fireproofing of steel, concrete/masonry construction, and water-filled steel columns. Chapter 7 provides details on the design of fire protection systems. 

The term blood-brain barrier (BBB) refers to the special obstacle that drugs encounter when trying to enter the brain from the circulatory system. The difference between the brain and other tissues and organs is that the capillaries in the brain do not have pores for the free flow of small molecules in the interstitial fluid of the brain. To enter the interstitial fluid, all molecules must cross a membrane. This design is a protective measure to defend the brain from unwanted and potentially hazardous xenobiotics. Traditionally, drugs that target the brain or central nervous system (CNS) cross the BBB by passive diffusion. Transport by carrier proteins across the BBB is becoming better understood but remains an area of active research. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that defense against chemical attack presents three classes of problems (1) individual, (2) collective, and (3) tactical protections. The first two of these involve protective measures of a generally passive nature, t.c., principally the provision and use of individual protective equipment, discussed in this chapter, and installations for group protection, treated in Chap. XX. The third problem—tactical protection—concerns modes of action and troop leading, with the new to avoiding gas casualties in the conduct of military operations. 

In terms of coinfection, prevention is only possible by means of passive or active immunization against HBV. It is imperative for chronic HBsAg carriers to avoid HDV endemic areas. However, should this not be possible, strict protective measures against HDV infection are called for. 

To facilitate later discussions, this chapter first discusses passive and active building protection and introduces the committee s definitions of levels of protection. Second, it reviews the options that could be used in building protection. Finally, it discusses how to integrate various protective measures to provide different levels of protection to buildings of different types and designs and considers the limitations of each level of protection. 

Level of Protection 2 (LP-2)—High-Level Passive Protection. LP-2 provides protection by further limiting exposure to intentionally released threat agents, and it is similar to MilStd Class 1 collective protection (USACE, 1999). This level of protection involves options for reducing the vulnerability to threat agents that are not part of a standard building system. The protective measures in LP-2 are passive because they do not actively detect the presence of threat... 

There must be a strong and continuous intelligence effort conducted by the United States as a protective measure to keep abreast of foreign developments in the fields of CBR, if this country is to have time to develop adequate passive defense and other countermeasures. 

In addition to the above-mentioned passive protection with coatings, active corrosion-protection measures, which intervene in the corrosion reaction, are also available. Examples are ... 

The term conventional repair is used in this book to indicate a repair work made on a damaged reinforced concrete structure, which is aimed at restoring protection to the reinforcement by means of replacement of non-protective concrete with a suitable cementitious material. The durability of the repair work is due to the achievement and maintenance of passivity on the reinforcement by the contact with the protective repair material. The repair work can be divided in the following steps a) assessment of the condition of the structure b) removal of concrete in well-defined parts of the structure and for specific depths c) cleaning of the exposed rebars d) application of a suitable repair material to provide an adequate cover to the reinforcement [1-6]. Each of these steps must be carried out properly in order to guarantee the effectiveness of the whole repair work. Additional protection measures can be used to increase the durability of the repair, but they must not interfere with the protection provided by the alkahnity of the repair material. Strengthening may also be required to restore the structural safety of the structure. 

Some coimtries have taken precautionary measures to avoid the fired BLEVE introducing specific rules of transport regulation. Canada and the USA allow the transport of flammable liquefied gases only in tank wagons with a thermal insulation and a pressure relief valve (PRV) (CGSB 2005, CFR 49). However, such protective measures are not compulsory in Europe, where no passive fire protection of LPG tankers is presently required by ADR and RID regulations (Directive 2006/89/EC, Directive 2006/90/EC) that define the standards required respectively for the road and rail LPG tankers. Moreover, the extent of risk reduction due to passive fire protections is rather imcertain, and a cost-benefit analysis is still lacking. 

An integrated system that affords protection against fire and its effects. It may be composed of either active or passive fire protection measures. The fire protection system should be commensurate with the level of hazard it is protecting. 

At present, pedestrian protection requirements mainly involve optimization and implementation of passive safety measures at vehicle front ends, where most pedestrian impacts occur. The most prominent improvements have involved changes in the shape of the front end and the elimination of sharp or rigid mounted parts, e.g., bull bars [40], in order to minimize obvious sources of injury. Another important passive... 

Htimacher, M., Eckstein, L., Kiihn, M., Hummel, T. (2011). Assessment of active and passive techniceil measures for pedestrian protection at the vehicle front In 22st International TechniccU Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV 2011), No. 11-0057. 

Station black out) No additional protection measures required, Passive decay heat removal by naturally governed heat transfer. No fission product release from the fuel elements (max. fuel temp, below IbOO C ) (L)... 

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