Fireproof construction

After the catastrophic fire that burned ancient Rome in 64 A. D., the emperor Nero rebuilt the city with fire precautions that included wide public avenues, limitations in building heights, provision of fireproof construction and improvements to the city water supplies to aid in fire fighting. Thus it is very evident that... 

B. The main structures shall be of fireproof construction or of incombustible materials (those specified under Article 2, Item 9 of the Building Standards Law the same hereinafter). 

A. The main structures shall be of fireproof construction, and the storage room with a fireproof door of grade A at its opening or fireproof storage box shall be provided. 

B. The main structures shall be of fireproof construction or of incombustible materials. 

Fireproofing for the petroleum and related industries follow the same concept as other industries except that the possible fire exposures are more severe in nature. The primary destructive effects of fire in the petroleum industry is very high heat, very rapidly, in the form of radiation, conduction and convection. This causes the immediate collapse of structures made of exposed steel construction. Radiation and convection effects usually heavily outweigh the factor of heat conduction for the... 

Fireproofing - A common industry term used to denote materials or methods of construction used to provide fire resistance for a defined fire exposure and specified time. Essentially nothing is fireproof if it is exposed to high temperatures for extended time periods. 

Measures to reduce the impact of fire include active and passive systems. Active systems include automatic sprinkler, water deluge, water mist, gaseous agent, dry chemical, foam, and standpipe handle systems. Passive protection is provided by fire resistive construction, including spray-applied or cementitious fireproofing of steel, concrete/masonry construction, and water-filled steel columns. Chapter 7 provides details on the design of fire protection systems. 

For example, if LPG vessels are considered to be within a fire-scenario envelope, they require fireproofing unless protected by a fixed water spray system. API Standard 2510, Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations (API, 2001) recommends fireproofing pipe supports within 50 ft (15 m) of the LPG vessel, or within the spill containment area. 

Chrysotile is a noncombustible fibrous solid that has been widely used as a fireproof thermal insulator, for brake linings, in construction materials, and for filters under the name of asbestos. It decomposes with loss of water at 600-800 °C, eventually forming forsterite and silica at 810-820 °C. Because it is more resistant to attack by alkalis than are the amphibole asbestoses, chrysotile has been used in chloralkali cell membranes and in admixture with Portland cement for making sewer pipes (Chapter 11). 

Besides the use which is made of the property of non-conduction in architecture, there are other departments of the arte and manufactures In which it subserves important purposes. Thus it fe applied with good effect in constructing fireproof edifices or apartments, and in the manufacture of chcste and boxes intended to preserve valuable property, legal documents, et cetera, from the destructive effects of conflagration. 

The same principle is brought into requisition when the design is to preserve tho heat in rooms and prevent it from escaping. In this case, the object is accomplished by constructing double doors and windows thus enclosing a partition of air, which is a very imperfect conductor of caloric, and, therefore, the heat of the chamber is retained. In a Bimilar manner, fireproof chambers may be made, having, in connection with the spaco between tho double walls, a menus for supplying odd air tc occupy tlie place of that which must pass off as the increased temperature expands it. Unless such provision be made, the pressure which the increased tension of the vapor acquires as the heat increases would be apt (o burst the walls. 

A fireproof safe is constructed of loosely packed asbestos contained between thin sheets of stainless steel. The safe is built in the form of a cube with inside and outside dimensions of 0.5 and 1.0 m. If the safe is initially uniform in temperature at 30°C and the outside is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 600°C, h = 100 W/m2 °C, calculate the time required for the inside temperature to reach 150°C. Assume the inside surface is insulated, and neglect the resistance and capacitance of the stainless steel. Take the properties of asbestos as k = 0.16 W/m °C, a = 3.5 x 10 7 m2/s. 

Topf revised its cost estimate for the third oven on September 25, 1941,82 and sent the required material to Auschwitz on October 21, a total of 3,548.5 kg.83 Construction of the foundation for the third oven began on November 19,1941, and was completed on December 3 84 work was then discontinued due to a lack of fireproof material. The pertinent invoice issued by Topf is dated December 16, 1941.85 Due to a Waggonsperre (railroad car prohibition86), however, construction of the ovens... 

As a result of thermal stresses, the fireproof brick of a cremation oven inevitably wears out, and eventually this becomes a serious hazard. In the civilian cremation ovens which had been constructed in the usual manner and with the building materials normally used in the 1930s, the lifespan of the fireproof brick was about 2,000 cremations, but the Topf firm had managed to extend its durability to... 

A parachute sometimes carries residual fire which cannot be seen, and as it is carried by the wind so far it can be more dangerous. Parachutes of course can be so constructed that they are fireproof and so after careful testing are useable. Commercial shells cannot be inspected by users, and so parachutes are unavoidably disliked. There is also the problem that in a daylight display there is the danger of children running after the parachute in a street of busy traffic. 

Fireproof Ability Of Panel-Stile Constructed Wooden Door... 

The usage of halogen containing monomers for making fireproof polymeric materials is a traditional way for solving the problems of improovement of the flame retarded constructive and membranous materials. 

A fireproof safe is to be constructed. Its walls consist of two 2-nun steel sheets with a layer of asbestos board between them. Using the chart for a slab, estimate the thickness of asbestos required to give 1 hr of fire protection on the basis that, for an outside temperature of 800 ° C, the inside temperature is not to rise above 120 ° C during this period. The heat transfer coefficient at the exterior surface is 25 W/m2 -K. 

Palusol . [BASF AG] Glass fiber/hy-drated so um silicate fireproof sheet for construction materials. 

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