Fatty acid natural sources

Sebedio, J.-L., and A. Grandgirard, Cyclic Fatty Acids Natural Sources, Formation During Heat Treatment, S3mthesis and Biological Properties, Prog. Lipid Res. 28 303-336 (1989). 

Sebedio, J.L., and A. Grandgirard. 1989. Cyclic fatty acids Natural sources, formation during heat treatment, synthesis and biological properties. 28 ... 

Natural source descriptions are used to describe alkyl species that are derived from a particular animal or vegetable source, i.e., coco alcohols, soya fatty acids, and tallow amines. The EPA and CAS currently regard source-derived registrations as the most specific, very narrowly based, description of fatty acid products. Source-based descriptions are interpreted as substances which are solely derived from the named source. A more chemically detailed description is not ordinarily interchangeable with a source-derived description even if the chemically detailed description is totally accurate because sources other than that named could be used. However, a chemically detailed description could be changed to a source-derived description if the substance was derived from the source described. 

A few fatty acids with trans double bonds (trans fatty acids) occur naturally but the major source of trans fats comes from partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils m for example the preparation of margarine However the same catalysts that catalyze the... 

Eats and oils from a number of animal and vegetable sources are the feedstocks for the manufacture of natural higher alcohols. These materials consist of triglycerides glycerol esterified with three moles of a fatty acid. The alcohol is manufactured by reduction of the fatty acid functional group. A small amount of natural alcohol is also obtained commercially by saponification of natural wax esters of the higher alcohols, such as wool grease. 

Fatty acids derived from animal and vegetable sources generally contain an even number of carbon atoms siace they are biochemically derived by condensation of two carbon units through acetyl or malonyl coenzyme A. However, odd-numbered and branched fatty acid chains are observed ia small concentrations ia natural triglycerides, particularly mminant animal fats through propionyl and methylmalonyl coenzyme respectively. The glycerol backbone is derived by biospeciftc reduction of dihydroxyacetone. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

Phospholipids. Phospholipids, components of every cell membrane, are active determinants of membrane permeabiUty. They are sources of energy, components of certain enzyme systems, and involved in Hpid transport in plasma. Because of their polar nature, phosphoUpids can act as emulsifying agents (42). The stmcture of most phosphoUpids resembles that of triglycerides except that one fatty acid radical has been replaced by a radical derived from phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base, eg, choline or serine. 

Xanthates and dithiophosphates dominate sulfide flotation usage, though several other collectors including more recently developed ones are gaining acceptance rapidly (43). As of this writing, this is an active area of research. Many of the sulfide collectors were first used ia the mbber iadustry as vulcanizers (16). Fatty acids, amines, and sulfonates dominate the nonsulfide flotation usage. The fatty acids are by-products from natural plant or animal fat sources (see Fats and fatty oils). Similarly petroleum sulfonates are by-products of the wood (qv) pulp (qv) iadustry, and amines are generally fatty amines derived from fatty acids. 

Fatty amines are nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids, olefins, or alcohols prepared from natural sources, fats and oils, or petrochemical raw materials. Commercially available fatty amines consist of either a mixture of carbon chains or a specific chain length from C The amines are classified as... 

Carboxylate soaps are most commonly formed through either direct or indirect reaction of aqueous caustic soda, ie, alkaH earth metal hydroxides such as NaOH, with fats and oils from natural sources, ie, triglycerides. Fats and oils are typically composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules containing between 8 and 20 carbons randomly linked through ester bonds to a glycerol [56-81-5] backbone. Overall, the reaction of caustic with triglyceride yields glycerol (qv) and soap in a reaction known as saponification. The reaction is shown in equation 1. 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Although vegetable oils and animals fats were commonly used in ancient times, most higher acids were not known until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Then the nature of the naturally occurring 18-carbon fatty acids was estabHshed, and hundreds of long-chain fatty acids have been isolated from natural sources and characterized. 

Carboxylic acids having 6—24 carbon atoms are commonly known as fatty acids. Shorter-chain acids, such as formic, acetic, and propionic acid, are not classified as fatty acids and are produced synthetically from petroleum sources (see Acetic acid Formic acid and derivatives Oxo process). Fatty acids are produced primarily from natural fats and oils through a series of unit operations. Clay bleaching and acid washing are sometimes also included with the above operations in the manufacture of fatty acids for the removal of impurities prior to subsequent processing. 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

The fatty adds commonly encountered in biological systems are straight chained alkanoic or alkenoic adds, containing an even number of carbon atoms (usually Ch-Ch). natural n Senera / these fatty adds can be produced readily by extraction of the lipids from sources natural sources and saponifying the neutral triglycerides. This is satisfactory providing a mixture of fatty acids is acceptable. Purification of spedfic fatty adds from the saponification mixture increases the costs considerably. 

An IV fat emulsion contains soybean or safflower oil and a mixture of natural triglycerides, predominately unsaturated fatty acids. It is used in the prevention and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency. It also provides nonprotein calories for those receiving TPN when calorie requirements cannot be met by glucose. Examples of intravenous fat emulsion include Intralipid 10% and 20%, Liposyn II 10% and 20%, and Liposyn III 10% and 20%. Fat emulsion is used as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for... 

Another natural source for fatty acids (mostly CI8) is tall oil, which is a byproduct of the kraft pulping process. 

The industrial production of fatty acids on the basis of petrochemical raw materials is of secondary importance in comparison with their preparation from natural materials. Only short-chain or branched or odd-numbered carboxylic acids, for which natural sources don t exist, have to be prepared by different synthetic methods. 

Primary alcohols are produced either by the catalytic hydrogenation of methyl esters or by fatty acids derived from oils and fats, e.g., coconut oil (C12-C14) or tallow (Cl6-C18), or from synthetic sources. Alcohols manufactured from natural oils and fats and from the Ziegler-type processes produce even-numbered chain length primary alcohols. 

Stonyfield farms, a commercial processor in the United States, has initiated a "Greener Cow Project" to decrease CIT4 emissions by feeding cows a diet rich in natural omega-3 sources http / www.stonyfield.com/ search/index.jsp q=greener-icow x=12 y=8. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of enteric emissions by an average of 12% and an increase in omega-3 fatty acids in milk. 

Biochemical tests are usually performed after pure cultures have been obtained. The standard indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and litmus milk tests may be used to show important physiological characteristics. To study the functional diversity of bacteria, the utilization of carbohydrates, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, amino acids, polymers, and other carbon and nitrogen sources can be tested.28 Dilution-based most-probable number (MPN) techniques with phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers have been employed for studying different bacterial species in lakes.40 The patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from natural waters have been useful for identifying sources of water pollution.34... 

---