Natural Source Descriptions

There are four major approaches to characterizing alkyl groups for the purposes of reporting for the TSCA Inventory natural source descriptions. Soap and Detergent Manufacturers Association (SDA) descriptors, alkyl-range descriptors, alkyl-range descriptions that are not SDA descriptions, and conventional, specific chemical names. One or more of these approaches or a combination of these approaches may be appropriate depending upon the specific situation. 

Natural source descriptions are used to describe alkyl species that are derived from a particular animal or vegetable source, i.e., coco alcohols, soya fatty acids, and tallow amines. The EPA and CAS currently regard source-derived registrations as the most specific, very narrowly based, description of fatty acid products. Source-based descriptions are interpreted as substances which are solely derived from the named source. A more chemically detailed description is not ordinarily interchangeable with a source-derived description even if the chemically detailed description is totally accurate because sources other than that named could be used. However, a chemically detailed description could be changed to a source-derived description if the substance was derived from the source described. 

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Naturally Derived Materials. The following are descriptions of some of the most important naturally derived materials in use. Importance in this context is defined in terms of the total value of the materials, which range from expensive, low volume materials that have great aesthetic value to relatively inexpensive and widely used products. Eor some of the naturals, it is indicated whether they can be distilled to provide individual chemicals for use as such or as intermediates. Materials produced in this way from a given natural source are usually not interchangeable with those from other naturals or synthetics. In some cases this may be due to optical isomerism, which can have a significant effect on odor, but usually it is due to trace impurities. 

The details on the label not only clearly testify to the importance of showing the natural sources of products, but they also resonate with other cultural concerns about the healthful properties of natural food products. The full description on the label reads In the quiet secret corners of nature, located in the transparent lakes of the Valdai National Preserve, at depths of more than 130 meters, was born this unique, rich, satisfying mineral water Reserve. The water absorbs into itself all the cleanliness and primordialness [pervozdannosf] of the nature of this... 

Also, thanks to modern, rapid spectroscopic methodology, there appears to be an exponential rate of discovery and description of novel structures from natural sources and we can confidently expect this trend to continue. 

Natural thickeners can be defined as products obtained from natural sources such as plants, seeds, seaweeds and microorganisms. These products are high molecular weight polymers composed of polysaccharides and are often referred to as hydrocolloids. Production processes vary from simple collection of tree exudates and milling in the case of gum arabic to more complex production by fermentation as in the case of xanthan gum. A number of these natural thickeners are also derivatised in order to modify their properties. Table 2.1 provides a simple classification of these products by source. Tables 2.2-2.4 provide an overview of the main natural thickening agents and their applications. A brief description of each class of hydro colloids is given below but for more detailed information on each of the hydrocolloids there are a number of publications available [ 1—3]. 

The role of fragrances since ancient times has been to cover unpleasant smell and to provide a pleasing impression (e.g., fmity, floral, marine etc.). Fragrance and flavor raw materials are obtained either from natural sources (e.g., terpenes, plant essential oils, animal secretions or from chemical synthesis. As the enantiomers of many odorant molecules differ in strength and in odor/taste description, the selective (and often catalytic) synthesis of the more appreciated isomer is of great interest. This avoids the dilution effect by the non-desired isomer and reduces the amount of active ingredient in the final product. Table 5.3.19 shows the example of (Sj-citronellol, an important perfumery raw material with a rose note. 

It is interesting that descriptions of the manufacture of smalt always cite potash as a flux. Potash glasses are less stable than soda glasses and this has affected the stability of the pigment, as noted above. It is unusual in glassmaking areas such as Venice and Eg)rpt, for example, that sodium was not used as a flux, being abundant from seaweed and other natural sources such as at Wadi Natrun. Further research is recpured in this area. 

Description. The common aspect among the surfactants grouped in this class and the sorbitan esters and alkyl carbohydrates esters classes is that they all derive from the condensation reaction of a polyhydroxyl compound (glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, etc.) with a fatty acid. Some of them can be directly extracted from natural sources. 

Each biological agent is discussed separately in this chapter, including specific treatment issues. The layout of each is as follows type, name and brief description of the agent natural source... 

The above description of eutrophication has illustrated the complex nature of the problem, particularly in relation to the influence of nutrients, the multiplicity of sources of phosphorus and the spectrum of its bio-availability. Clearly, the most effective long-term solution to many of our eutrophication problems will be to reduce the nutrient load to affected waters. However, it has also been shown that, because the concentrations of available phosphorus required to impose a control on primary production is very low (e.g. 5-10/rgU total dissolved phosphorus), the reduction of nutrients from any one source alone is unlikely to be effective. 

Many of the sites did not effectively identify the nature and location of potential emergencies. The contractors SSAHPs at Sites A, B, F, and K did not include site-specific information about the nature and source of potential emergencies. The plan in effect at Site H did not provide a description of the nature and location of potential spill hazards and emergencies, nor did it indicate the type of spill containment equipment available or the locations on site where this and other emergency response equipment was stored. 

BEOs are most often used for point sources or small line or surface sources. See Chapter 7 for descriptions of sources. BEOs are sometimes used for lines or surfaces when the source is moving along the line or on the surface. This naturally demands the exhaust to move with (or be moved with) the source movements (e.g., during painting or seam welding). They have also been used for side suction from baths and tanks-- and these exhausts are usually called rim exhausts see Rim Exhausts. However, for these sources push-pull systems (Section 10.4.3) are often more efficient. Side hoods can also be used, e.g., when molten metal is poured however, in these cases an enclosed exhaust is more efficient. 

Use of the natural color and food color terms is not permitted because they may indicate that a color occurs naturally. The acceptable descriptions include artificial color, artificial color added, and color added but they do not provide any real benefit. A preferred description is to note that a product is colored with, then name the color source, e.g., annatto. If the name of the specific color is not included, the label declaration must also state artificially colored or artificial color addedf ... 

The method used came from a description in a publication that was taken from an old German publication. However, the publication did not say that the original German source mentioned the explosive nature of this reaction. A detonation took place when the temperature reached 60°C. 

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