Fatty acid ester plasticizers

Jafaester. [Jahres Fabrikker A/S] Fatty acid esters plasticizers, mold release agents. 

Vatty Acids andFattyAcidLsters. Sulfolane exhibits selective solvency for fatty acids and fatty acid esters which depends on the molecular weight and degree of fatty acid unsaturation (40—42). AppHcations for this process are enriching the unsaturation level in animal and vegetable fatty oHs to provide products with better properties for use in paint, synthetic resins, food products, plastics, and soaps. 

Organotin compounds such as monobutyltin oxide, the main substance used, accounting for 70% of consumption, dibutyltin oxide, monooctyltin oxide, and dioctyltin oxide are used in certain esterification and transesterification reactions, at concentrations between 0.001% and 0.5% by weight. They are used in the production of substances such as phthalates, polyesters, alkyd resins, fatty acid esters, and adipates and in trans-esterifications. These substances are in turn used as plasticizers, synthetic lubricants, and coatings. Organo-tins are used as catalysts to reduce the formation of unwanted by-products and also provide the required colour properties (ETICA, 2002). 

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

Ozonolysis has been applied to the oxidative functionalization of triglycerides. Papers and reviews, and a few patents, have been issued on the ozonolysis of seed oils for the production of plastics [95, 96]. Theoretically, the oxidation products that are accessible via ozonolysis of fatty acid esters are the same as those that are isolated from the photo-induced singlet oxygen cleavage of the same substrates, via Hock cleavage [28-33]. The mixture of products that come from the ozonolysis of... 

Polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters are produced by the reaction of polyethylene glycols with fatty adds. The commercial products are waxy solids which include Carbowax 4000 (Mono) Stearate. Some of the products act as plasticizers and lubricants for plastics. The polyethylene glycols are soluble in water. 

Following the successful development of epoxidized soybean oil( 5), mainly as a stabilizer adjuvant with high permanence but poor low temperature plasticizing properties, the epoxidized fatty acid esters were introduced. These included the C8 mono-hydric alcohol esters — octyl epoxystearate and octyl epoxy-tallate. They also acted as stabilizer adjuvants but with outstanding low temperature plasticizing properties. The epoxy stabilizer/plasticizers have grown to over 50,000 tons/year in the U.S. in 1978, with the epoxidized soybean oil type predominating. 

The nature of the product base. Here the relationship is complex. On the one hand, diffusion is far greater from nonpolar solvents such as hydrocarbons and, presumably, fatty acid esters than from pol solvents such as alcohol because the nonpolar solvents cause the plastic to swell, thus increasing its permeability. On the other hand, product bases such as oil-free aqueous systems tend to favor the migration of perfume materials with very low water solubility into the plastic. 

Functions as a humectant and plasticizer. It serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of fatty acid esters and improves the pourability and clarity of high solid "clear concentrate" surfactant solutions. 

Internally plasticized fatty acid ester. High resistance to yellowing and scorching. Suitable for use with reactant finishes. 

Production of Oleochemicals Fatty acid esters, which have traditionally been used as flavors, plasticizers, food preservatives, emulsifiers, and lubricants, are receiving renewed interest as an alternative energy source as biodiesel. They can be produced by the esterification of fatty acids and alcohols or by the alcoholysis of vegetable oils/triacylglycerols. 

Plasticizers are added to thermoplastic compounds to improve flexibility, increase the acceptance level for inorganic additives, and to aid in processing, such as melt flow reduction. Synergistic effects can also be obtained such as reduction of shear during mixing and improved impact resistance. Plasticizer compounds typically include phthalates, adipates, esters, and fatty acid esters (oleates, palmitates, stearates). 

Fatty acid esters of short-chain monofunctional alcohols act as secondary plasticizers in PVC. 

When used in PVC organophosphites act as secondary heat stabilizers. In other resins such as PP, PS, HOPE and ABS plastics they function as antioxidants. p-Diketones are well-known co-stabilizers more particularly for zinc carboxylates. The synergistic action of epoxidized fatty acid esters like ESO or butylepoxy stearate as plasticizer, HCl scavenger and stabilizer for labile chlorine atoms in the catalytic presence of Zn and Cd salts is shown in Fig. 7 (see also 5.2.3)... 

Fatty acid esters, because of the great variety of molecular structures that are possible, offer great versatility to the plastics compounder. Liquid fatty acid esters of short-chain monofunctional alcohols have a distinct secondary plasticizer action, whereas fatty acid esters of long-chain fatty alcohols like stearyl stearate or cetyl palmitate are well known as wax esters and because of their thermal stability, good flow properties and resistance to plate out are broadly used as lubricants for PVC and other polar plastics. 

The manufacture of epoxy stabilizers begins with soya and linseed oils or oleate and other unsaturated fatty acid esters. When epoxidation is incomplete, residual unsaturation remains, leading to poor compatibility-stability. This results in exudation on products in the marketplace. Makers of epoxldized fatty acid esters strive to prevent such failure by ensuring more complete epoxidation and supplying products with the lowest possible iodine number. Vinyl formulators further protect themselves by diminishing the proportion of epoxidized stabilizer to an amount ca. 3% while maintaining plasticizer concentration at ca. 35%. 

EstoL [Unichema Unichema France SA] Fatty acid esters emulsifier, natural oil substitutes for use in plastics, lubricants, cosmetics. 

Pegosperse . [Ltmza] Polyeth ene or ethylene glycd fatty acid esters emulsifier, stabilize, emollient, lubricant, thickener, wetting agent, plasticizer, and pigment dispersant in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the manufacture of isobutyl esters, which serve as plasticizers and in perfumes useful in the manufacture of esters for fruit flavoring essences solvent in paint, varnish removers, surface coatings, and adhesives chemical intermediate for isobu-tylamines, isobutylacetate and methacrylate esters used with dimethyl sulfoxide to prepare food additives such as sucrose fatty acid esters. 

Miladinov et al. reported the preparation of starch-fatty acid esters by reactive extrusion of plasticized starch and acid anhydrides (acetic, propionic, heptanoic and palmitic anhydrides) in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst [87]. Starch esters have been prepared by REX using maleic anhydride (MA) as a cyclic dibasic acid anhydride in the presence of 20 wt% glycerol as plasticizer. This material was melt-blended with biodegradable polyester. 

Lubricants are materials that promote flow and reduce the tendency of plastics to stick to surfaces. Slip agents, discussed in Section 5.5.2, and mold release agents, discussed next, can be regarded as examples of special types of lubricants. Lubricants can be used to promote the flow of plastics over or through surfaces of dies, mold cavities, and so on. Common lubricants include fatty-acid esters and amides, paraffin and polyethylene waxes, stearates, and silicones. These and other lubricants can be compounded into the plastic resin, or applied externally. 

In flexible PVC film, waxes and low molecular weight polyethylene are often used as external lubricants, and fatty acids, esters, and metallic soaps are often used as internal lubricants. As the names suggest, external additives, including lubricants, are applied to the surface of the film or other plastic article, while internal lubricants are blended Into the polymer before it is formed. 

Since the epoxide group reacts with acids, epoxidized fatty acid esters have become popular as plasticizer for PVC with a good stabilizing effect. Such compounds are not only able to bind hydrogen... 

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