Inorganic additive

An inorganic impact modifier has been marketed by the Norwegian waste recovery company, Elkem Materials. It is called Sidistar and made of amorphous silica spheres with a median particle size of about 150 nm. They are derived from the silica fume accumulating during the manufacture of ferro-silicon alloys and silicon metal. Elkem claim that their silica modifiers can impart good impact strength at low temperatures in thermoplastic pipe, and can replace conventional acrylic, MBS and chlorinated polyethylene modifiers. 

Nanofillers based on layered silicates can increase toughness and stifihess at the same time. 

The effect of sodiiun carbonate as an inorganic additive is mechanistically not completely clear. According to the dynamic ion-exchange model, it is to be assiuned that carbonate ions are found in a competing equilibriiun with solute ions for the ion-exchange groups that are adsorbed at the surface of the stationary phase. This is a plausible explanation for the strong effect of carbonate on the retention of di- and multivalent species. 

When analyzing multivalent ions, it is often necessary to change the pH value of the mobile phase by adding appropriate acids or bases. As the retention of 

2 mmol/L TBAOH/MeCN (80 20 v/v), pH 7.25 with H3BO3 flow rate 1 mL/min detection suppressed conductivity injection volume 50pL sample 50mg/L thioglycolic acid (1). 

Boric acid is especially suitable for lowering the pH value. Because of its low degree of dissociation, it contributes only marginally to the increase in background conductance. In general, an increase in the eluent pH is accomplished with sodium hydroxide, because it suppresses water and hardly affects the background conductance. 

In addition to controlling the degree of dissociation of the analyte species, eluent pH changes are necessary to avoid unwanted side reactions in an acidic or alkaline medium. This applies, for example, to mercaptans, which may react to form disulfides in an alkaline medium. 

Inorganic salts are another important additive used to enhance the rate and selectivity of Sml2-mediated reactions. The use of inorganic additives can be traced to the seminal studies of Kagan during which he used catalytic amounts of ferric chloride to accelerate the coupling reactions of alkyl iodides and 

Although the addition of catalytic amounts of transition metal complexes and salts results in clear benefits in many Sml2-mediated reactions, the mechanistic basis for their effect is unknown.54 Examination of the experimental procedures utilising catalytic amounts of Nil2 shows that, in most cases, 

Nil2 and Sml2 are premixed before addition of the substrate. Evaluation of the E° value of the Ni(II)/Ni(0) redox couple clearly shows that Sml2 is capable of readily reducing Ni(II) to Ni(0). As a result, it is possible that Ni(0) intermediates may be responsible for the unique chemistry initiated by the addition of catalytic amounts Nil2 to Sml2. 

The aggregation properties of the surfactant micelles are the important factors to synthesize an ordered mesoporous structure. Various types of inorganic and organic additives can be employed to tune the hydrophobic and hydrophilic characters of the surfactants. Addition of additives can change the critical 

The addition of even minute amounts of sodium carbonate has a particularly strong effect on the retenhon behavior of mulhvalent anions. The two iron cyanide complexes, Fe(CN)6 and Fe(CN)e, are a good example their separation is obtained with an eluant containing only 3 10 mol/L sodium carbonate (see Fig. 6-9), in addihon to tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and acetonitrile. Lowering the acetonitrile content in favor of sodium carbonate, the resoluhon between both signals will decrease drashcally, although the peak shape of the iron(II) complex will be significantly improved. 

Unlike the eluant pH value, the coluirm temperature is seldom relevant for optimizing the separation. Retention can be somewhat reduced by raising the column temperature. Generally speaking, the viscosity of the mobile phase will be reduced and the chromatographic efficiency will be increased when the column temperature is raised. For mechanistic investigations, however, a variation 

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Binding fine ceUulose fibers and soHd inorganic additives to long ceUulose fibers as the paper pulp is being formed into sheets on a paper machine... 

There are occasions where the mud pH must be lowered such as after drilling fresh cement or overtreatment by one of the alkaline materials discussed. Organic acids that have been used for this purpose include acetic acid [64-19-7], citric acid [77-92-9], and oxaHc acid [144-62-7]. These materials are used infrequently. Inorganic additives used to lower pH levels include sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8] and sodium acid pyrophosphate [7758-16-9] (SAPP). Of the two, sodium bicarbonate is used the most by far. 

The liquefied plastic fraction is heated to over 400 °C. This leads to cracking of the plastic into components of different chain lengths. Gases count for 20%-30% and oils for 60%-70% they are separated by distillation. Any naphtha produced is treated in a steam cracker, resulting in monomers like ethylene and propylene that are recovered. Such monomers can be used to produce plastics again. The heavy fractions can be processed into synthesis gas or conversion coke and then be transferred for further use. At most 5% of the input is converted into a mineral fraction. It is likely that this consists mainly of the inorganic additives in plastics. 

Table 8.8 Transformations of inorganic additives after ashing (4h at 650-950 °C)...

Applications Over the last 20 years, ICP-AES has become a widely used elemental analysis tool in many laboratories, which is also used to identify/quantify emulsifiers, contaminants, catalyst residues and other inorganic additives. Although ICP-AES is an accepted method for elemental analysis of lubricating oils (ASTM D 4951), often, unreliable results with errors of up to 20% were observed. It was found that viscosity modifier (VM) polymers interfere with aerosol formation, a critical step in the ICP analysis, thus affecting the sample delivery to the plasma torch [193]. Modifications... 

Effect of Additives. Table 2 lists the results of runs in which inorganic additives were used in the ZnCl -MeOH melt. Addition of 5 mole % ZnO had little effect on solubility and produced a surprising rise in H/C ratio of the MTC. The addition of 1 gm Zn powder had little effect in solubility, but slightly... 

Table 2. Effect of Inorganic Additives to ZnC -Methanol Melt.

Anilinium nitrate, Inorganic additives Munjal, M. N. et al., Indian J. Chem., 1967, 5, 320-322... 

The effect of inorganic additives upon ignition delay in anilinium nitrate-red finning nitric acid systems was examined. The insoluble compounds copper(I) chloride, potassium permanganate, sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate and vanadium(V) oxide were moderately effective promoters, while the soluble ammonium or sodium metavanadates were very effective, producing vigorous ignition. 

The principle of ICP-AES is that atoms (or sometimes ions) are thermally excited, in a plasma torch, to higher energy levels, these atoms or ions then relax back to lower electronic energy levels by emitting radiation in the UV-visible region. The emitted radiation is detected and used to determine which elements are present, and their concentration. Analysis of organometallic and inorganic additives, based on the ICP-AES determination of specific metal ions, is routinely undertaken. 

The first promising results have been achieved with inorganic additives such as CO2 [4, 7, 8] (Figs. 3-5), and N20 [4, 8] or Sx2" [4, 8] (Figs. 4-5) added to organic solvent-based electrolytes, which in comparison to the... 

Figure 3. Effect of inorganic additives on the density of the smoke evolved from brominated polyester resin in the NBS-type Smoke Chamber.

Table III. Effect of Inorganic Additives on the Fire Properties of Brominated Polyester Resin...

In the absence of any inorganic additive, the resin loses about 80% of its weight during the initial decomposition stage, this corresponding to the loss of styrene and HBr, Q3) followed by char oxidation (13-7% loss) at a DTG max (temperature of maximum rate of weight loss) of ca. 528°C. 

The char yield after correction for the inorganic additive. 

Calcilox A process for converting calcium sulfate/sulfite wastes from flue-gas desulfurization into a disposable, earthy material, by use of a proprietary inorganic additive made from blast furnace slag. Developed by Dravo Corporation of Pittsburgh, PA. 

Similar synergistic effects are found with TMPTA and the inorganic additive, lithium nitrate, for photografting to polypropylene (Table VIII). 

This non-destructive technique is a very suitable tool for rapid in-line analysis of inorganic additives in food products (Price and Major, 1990 Anon, 1995). It can be readily used by non-skilled operators, and dry materials can be pressed into a pellet or simply poured into a sample cup. The principles of this technique related to food analysis are described by Pomeranz and Meloan (1994). A useful Internet site is http //www.xraysite.com, which includes information about different XRF instruments from various companies. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) or bench-top energy dispersive (ED-XRF) instruments are available. XRF is a comparative technique, thus a calibration curve needs to be established using food products of the same type as those to be... 

The use of inorganic additives as extenders in thermoplastic polymers is a long established practice. In recent years, the role of such additives has changed from that of cost-reducing fillers to property enhancing reinforcing agents. This conversion has come about as a result of the comp tibilization of the additive with the thermoplastic polymer, by interaction at the polymer-filler interface. 

Nearly all of the commercially available membranes are based on Nafion. Nafion also has the largest body of literature devoted to its study because of its demonstrated industrial importance and availability. Nafion composite systems also have already become significant in both industrial and academic research. In composite structures, Nafion can be impregnated into an inert Teflon-like matrix (i.e. W. L. Gore membranes ), or inorganic additives can be added to a supporting Nafion matrix for improved physical or electrochemical properties (i.e. lon-omem °). Some critical aspects of Nation s molecular structure and physical properties will be briefly highlighted to provide a baseline for comparison with the other alternative materials discussed in this review. 

It is to be expected that reductive dissolution of Fe oxides becomes faster as the electron activity increases, i.e. the lower the redox potential (Eh) of the aqueous system, the faster the dissolution. Fischer (1987) dissolved goethite at pH 3 and RT in an Eh range of between -0.3 and -rO.l V and found that the dissolution rate. Ink, decreased linearly from about 5 to 1 mg Ee " L min (r = 0.96). Organic and inorganic additives that shift the redox potential in a negative direction, accelerate dissolution of iron oxides (Frenier Growcock, 1984). 

ToF-SIMS has been utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra and images from different smokeless gunpowders and black powder samples.17 In the mass spectra obtained, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowder samples were observed. 

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