Identifying factors

The separation factor / identifies the equihbrium increase in /if from 0 to 1, which accompanies an increase in cf from 0 to 1. For a concentration change over only part of the isotherm, a separation factor R can be defined for the dimensionless transition variables [Eq. (16-11)]. This separation factor is... 

Now you can reconsider the material balance equations by adding those additional factors identified in the previous step. If necessary, estimates of unaccountable losses will have to be calculated. Note that, in the case of a relatively simple manufacturing plant, preparation of a preliminary material-balance system and its refinement (Steps 14 and 15) can usefully be combined. For more-complex P2 assessments, however, two separate steps are likely to be more appropriate. An important rule to remember is that the inputs should ideally equal the outputs - but in practice this will rarely be the case. Some judgment will be required to determine what level of accuracy is acceptable, and we should have an idea as to what the unlikely sources of errors are (e.g., evaporative losses from outside holding ponds may be a materials loss we cannot accurately account for). In the case of high concentrations of hazardous wastes, accurate measurements are needed to develop cost-effective waste-reduction options. It is possible that the material balance for a number of unit operations will need to be repeated. Again, continue to review, refine, and, where necessary, expand your database. The compilation of accurate and comprehensive data is essential for a successful P2 audit and subsequent waste-reduction action plan. Remember - you can t reduce what you don t know is therel... 

Because of the progressive nature of CKD, determination of risk factors for CKD is difficult. Risk factors identified for CKD are classified into three categories (Table 23-2) ... 

Of course individual people can, for causes under their personal control, also benefit from the results of epidemiology studies even though epidemiology results apply to populations, individuals at least have an increased chance of benefiting by avoiding the substances or factors identified as causes of disease, especially when, as in the case of smoking, the population risk from the causative agent is unusually... 

Are these factors (identified from question 2 above) sufficient to have caused the result ... 

Recommendations can be evaluated against the events and causal factors identified in the diagrams. 

Any change that caused an adverse impact should he designated as a causal factor and added to any causal factors identified hy other means. The investigator may also wish to review the local management of change system and identify why a change(s) that had an undesirable outcome was allowed to occur. 

Once the actual incident scenario is understood and its multiple causal factors identified, this information may be used to determine the incident s root causes. One means of performing root cause analysis involves the use of ready-made, predefined trees. A predefined tree provides a systematic approach for analyzing and selecting the relevant elements of the incident scenario. It is a deductive approach, looking backward in time to examine preceding events necessary to produce the specified incident. 

A timeline or sequence diagram is first developed, and then causal factors identified. Care should be taken to ensure that the checklist is not used too early. Be sure to determine what happened and how it happened before determining why it happened. Otherwise, the team will think that they have identified the right root cause(s), when in reality only one or two of several multiple causes have been determined. The causal factors are then applied one at a time to each page of the checklist(s) to identify relevant root causes. Those pages that are not relevant to the particular incident of interest are discarded. Similar quality assurance checks should be applied as those described for predefined trees. 

This suggested multiple sources, as did the correlation studies. The strongest associations were with the factors identified as auto/soil, oil-burning and incineration sources. 

However, some important technical and coimnercial lessons can be learnt, particularly by reference to Tables 4.9 and 4.10 in which important scientific and conunercial features of the case-studies have been collated and limiting factors identified. The following conunercial and technical topics are snggested as being important. 

Resistance to insects has been successfully selected and introduced into important cultivars of a number of plant species including potatoes, wheat, corn, grapes, alfalfa, barley, beans sorghum, rice and sugar cane (25). This resistance is usually due to a combination of factors and only in a few cases is a single chemical factor identifiable as responsible for resistance (32). 

The reduction potentials lor Ln Ln couples were estimated anil the factors identified which make them very negative. 

Muscarinic agonists release endothelium-derived relaxing factor, identified as nitric oxide (NO), from the endothelial cells. The NO diffuses to adjacent vascular smooth muscle, where it activates guanylyl cyclase and increases cGMP, resulting in relaxation (see Figure 12-2). Isolated vessels prepared with the endothelium preserved consistently reproduce the... 

Thus, there are a number of predisposing factors that make it possible to identify patients at risk, although the mechanism(s) underlying some of these predisposing factors are unknown. When the occurrence in the exposed population is examined in the light of some of these factors, the incidence can be seen to be extremely high. The predisposing factors identified to date are... 

What are the predisposing factors identified in human patients that are important in the immune-media ted adverse effect lupus erythematosus caused by the drug hydralazine ... 

As a result of the technical limitations of LSI, other indices and systems have been proposed, each of which has tried to overcome one or other of these limitations or to take into account new factors identified. 

Other factors identified by El Boushy and van der Poel (2000) as being involved in control of feed intake include temperature, viscosity, osmotic pressure of water, salivary production, nutritive value of feed and toxicity of feed components. 

The three most important motivational factors identified in the quantitative results were novelty, escape/relax, and relationship. These factors showed no significant difference in their importance between the two levels of travel experience. Similarly, the interview results also suggested that these three factors, along with self-development, are the main psychological forces driving travel. A preliminary statement on the structure of travel motivation is possible here. There is a strong likelihood that people may have certain dominant and constant travel motivations that act as a common backbone to travel regardless of their travel experience level. In particular,... 

The research effort in the recreation and park management literature has been strongly influenced by the factors identified by Jacob and Shreyer. Watson et al. (1994) reported that the factor of intensity, that is the focus on the task, may be associated with hostility to interfering parties. Occasionally, however, the focus may be so intense that other people are simply not noticed. The relationships are often unbalanced or asymmetrical in these encounter situations. Participants in quiet and traditional activities... 

In an earlier study using multiple regression analysis to determine the basis of interindividual variations in antipyrine clearance among 49 Gambians (29), the principal causative factor identified was the number of cola nuts chewed per day (r = 0.4). However, in a prospective study on an entirely different population of carefully controlled, environmentally stable normal male subjects... 

In an application of this model for assessing factors that cause large interindividual variations in the clearance of theophylline (37), the authors clearly recognized its limitations and this requirement that the conclusions be tested by a prospective controlled experiment "The factors identified as important in theophylline body clearances are associations found by retrospective statistical analysis which need not imply a cause-and-effect relationship, especially where a pathophysiological or drug interaction rationale does not exist. Often these factors need further confirmation by prospective examination of cohorts of subjects with the disease or history in question."... 

In conclusion, the multiplicity factor identifies the number of equivalent lattice planes that might all cause reflection at the same Bragg angle. The multiplicity of the different structures has been tabulated (see for example Ref. [24]). 

Factors identified in this body of work range from the character of colleague relationships within research networks (Mullins 1976) and the structure of the research process (Knorr 1977) to broader institutional reforms in education and academic labor markets (Ben-David and Collins 1966) and the emergence of new consumer knowledge markets (Groenewegen 1987),... 

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