Deductive approach

Fault Tree Analysis. Fault trees represent a deductive approach to determining the causes contributing to a designated failure. The approach begins with the definition of a top or undesired event, and branches backward through intermediate events until the top event is defined in terms of basic events. A basic event is an event for which further development would not be useful for the purpose at hand. For example, for a quantitative fault tree, if a frequency or probabiUty for a failure can be deterrnined without further development of the failure logic, then there is no point to further development, and the event is regarded as basic. 

Inductive and deductive approach to the processing of case studies... 

Method B involves timeline or sequence diagram construction, identification of causal factors, followed by the use of predefined trees or checklists. A predefined tree provides a systematic approach for analyzing and selecting the relevant elements of the incident scenario. It is a deductive approach, looking backward in time to examine preceding occurrences necessary to produce the specified incident. 

Now all the minimum pieces are theoretically in place to confirm or refute a hypothesis. For many simple and straightforward failures, general knowledge of the component failure mode behavior, used in conjunction with the specific information gathered for a particular incident, may be sufficient to diagnose the causes. However, most process safety incidents are complex in nature and have multiple underlying system causes. Therefore, a systematic deductive approach is usually appropriate. 

Deductive Approach—Reasoning from the general to the specific. By postulating that a system or process has failed in a certain way, an attempt is made to determine what modes of system, component, operator, or organizational behavior contributed to the failure. 

Domin (138) distinguished four types of laboratory instruction expository, inquiry, discovery, and problem-based. These styles can be differentiated by their outcome, their approach, and their procedure. Expository and problem-based activities typically follow a deductive approach, while inquiry and discovery activities are inductive. 

So far, we started from a logical structure and asked which final states (stable or periodic) are consistent with this structure, by which sequences of states they can be reached and which conditions determine the pathway that will be followed. In opposition with this analytic, deductive approach, one can start from an observed (or desired) behavior and try to proceed... 

An essential prerequisite for a deductive approach to chemistry would be a theory that affords the prediction of the existence of molecular systems and their interconversions. The theory of the BE- and R-matrices, an algebraic model of the logical structure of constitutional chemistry, is precisely such a theory (ref. 2, 3). A brief outline of the theory of the BE- and R-matrices is given below. 

The second way to obtain numeric values for specific quantities is a purely deductive approach where calculation of a number value is attempted with the help of theoretical derivations from quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. Even with modern computing facilities, it is not yet possible to carry out these calculations without a series of simplifying assumptions. Such simplifications can nevertheless have large negative effects on the precision of the calculated results. 

Given these objectives, a deductive approach Is Indicated. From the beginning to the end, systems of growing complexity are treated gradually, with, as a broad division, in Volume I the fundamentals (F), in Volumes II and III isolated Interfaces (I) and in Volumes IV and V Interfaces in interaction and colloids (C). 

Utilitarianism is a doctrine, enunciated by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806— 1873) it is the search for the greatest happiness for the greatest number 7 or, more eloquently, the quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity. .. a form of consequentialism . Con-sequentialism is the belief that what ultimately matters in evaluating actions or policies of action are the consequences that result from choosing one action or policy rather than the alternative.8 Thus, utilitarianism is a direct counter to the motivation-based categorical imperatives (essentially a deductive approach) of Kant. 

Summary A careful consideration of merits and limitations of these two methods leads us to conclude that Inductive Method is the fore-runner of Deductive Method. For effective teaching of chemistry, both inductive and deductive approaches should be used because no one is complete without the other. Induction leaves the learner at a point where he cannot stop and the after work has to be done and completed by deduction. Deduction is a process that is particularly suitable for final statement and induction is most suitable for exploration fields. Induction gives the lead and deduction follows. In chemistry if we want to teach about composition of water then its composition is determined by a endiometer tube (inductive process) and confirmed by the process of electrolysis of water (deductive process). 

Deductive approaches to non-linearity have on the whole been more popular. On the basis of available information on enzymes structure and biological function, plausible physical models have been formulated. These then generate mathematical predictions and experimental data are then tested against the predictions. The risk here, of course, is that information may be overlooked or discarded in the attempt to substantiate a favoured model. 

Simonyi, M., Mayer, 1. (1985). A deductive approach to elementary chemical kinetics. Education in Chemistry, 22, 52-53. 

This type of hazards analysis can be either deductive or inductive. A deductive (top-down) analysis is one that first defines an undesirable event, and then considers what events and chains of circumstances are needed to occur before the overall undesirable event occurs. A deductive approach is used by detectives to solve crimes. A widely used type of deductive analysis in process risk analysis is the fault tree method, described in the next chapter. 

In most civil aviation System Safety Assessments, this event originates from a Function Hazard Analysis (FHA, see Chapter 3), but it can also come from any other hazard identification technique (e.g. ZS A or PRA). An FTA is a deductive approach (i.e. top down) that determines how a given state (i.e. the undesired event) can occur. It does not identify all failures in a system in a way that inductive tproaches (such as an FMEA) would. 

A type of reasoning from individual cases to a general conclusion. In the loss prevention industry, it postulates that a system element has failed in specific circumstances. An investigation is then undertaken to determine what occurs to the whole system or process. See also Deductive Approach Morphological Approach. 

A structm-ed analysis of an incident directed by insights from historical case studies of incidents, but not as rigorous as a hazard analysis. See also Deductive Approach Inductive Approach. 

The FTA is a technique that can be used to identify those events that can or must occur in order to realize a desired or undesired outcome. The technique uses a deductive approach to event analysis as it moves from the general to the specific. The FTA has great utility in its ability to distinguish between those events that must occur (represented by an AND gate) and those that simply can occur (represented by an or gate) in order for the top event to occur. The information charted on a fault tree provides a qualitative analysis by demonstrating how specific events will alfect an outcome. If probability data are known for these events, then the FTA can also provide quantitative information to further evaluate the likelihood of achieving the top event. 

Nevertheless, the choice of either strategy in many respects is dependant on the quantity and quality of the available information, on the reactivity of species and the rate constants of reactions. Due to the availability of reliable quantitative data for the reactions, with participation of possible species of a reaction system, recently it became possible to apply successfully a deductive approach for modeling the reactions on combustion [21-27], cracking [28,29], atmospheric processes [30-36] and others. 

For this paper we treat hazard assessment as a combination of two interrelated concepts hazard identification, in which the possible hazardous events at the system boundary are discovered, and hazard analysis, in which the likelihood, consequences and severity of the events are determined. The hazard identification process is based on a model of the way in which parts of a system may deviate fi om their intended behaviour. Examples of such analysis include Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP, Kletz 1992), Fault Propagation and Transformation Calculus (Wallace 2005), Function Failure Analysis (SAE 1996) and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (Villemeur 1992). Some analysis approaches start with possible deviations and determine likely undesired outcomes (so-called inductive approaches) while others start with a particular unwanted event and try to determine possible causes (so-called deductive approaches). The overall goal may be safety analysis, to assess the safety of a proposed system (a design, a model or an actual product) or accident analysis, to determine the likely causes of an incident that has occurred. 

Second, it is the very focus on structural aspects of the induction parameter (its size, that is) that makes this database approach possible. If semantic aspects of the induction parameter (its value, that is) also have to be taken into account, then a deductive approach reasoning backwards from instances of all other predicate-variables becomes necessary [Smith 85]. We here clearly separate these aspects the size of the induction parameter is analyzed at Step 2 for instantiating Minimal and NonMinimal, and its value is analyzed at Step 7 for instantiating the Discriminate... 

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