Scientific importance

Recent developments in Raman equipment has led to a considerable increase in sensitivity. This has enabled the monitoring of reactions of organic monolayers on glassy carbon [4.292] and diamond surfaces and analysis of the structure of Lang-muir-Blodgett monolayers without any enhancement effects. Although this unenhanced surface-Raman spectroscopy is expected to be applicable to a variety of technically or scientifically important surfaces and interfaces, it nevertheless requires careful optimization of the apparatus, data treatment, and sample preparation. 

No natural law acquires any scientific importance unless it introduces, so to speak, some practical conclusions, or, in other words, unless it admits of logical conclusions capable of explaining what has before remained unexplained, and, above all, unless it raises questions which can be confirmed by experience,22... 

Besides the electrostatic potential effect on reactivity, functionalized polyelectrolytes have a variety of interesting features worthy of study. If a polyelectrolyte is covalently modified with highly hydrophobic functional groups, it provides an unusual opportunity to study the chemical reactions of normally otherwise water insoluble functional groups in aqueous solution. Furthermore, a structural organization via hydrophobic interactions may occur in aqueous solution [25 — 31], which is of general scientific importance and is worth studying for its own sake. 

The problems are of both industrial and purely scientific importance, and they can also be approached qualitatively and quantitatively. The reaction prediction question, for example, might be directed not so much at what the products might be, but rather how likely the reaction might be in comparison with an analogous system. The scope of the problems is indeed vast, and Figs. 2 and 3 give some indication of the width of the spectrum of organic synthesis and reactivity. 

He set high standards for his own and his collaborator s work, and emphasized the importance of innovation and work across scientific borders. Many scientists with different backgrounds visited and worked in his laboratory for various periods. They solved the structures of a range of complex carbohydrates. The Lindberg group had a unique atmosphere of creativity and hard, disciplined work. We look back on that time with gratitude and pleasure as we feel that we were involved in something scientifically important. 

Of course, in reality new chemical substances are not synthesized at random with no purpose in mind—the numbers that have still not been created are too staggering for a random approach. By one estimate,1 as many as 10200 molecules could exist that have the general size and chemical character of typical medicines. Instead, chemists create new substances with the aim that their properties will be scientifically important or useful for practical purposes. As part of basic science, chemists have created new substances to test theories. For example, the molecule benzene has the special property of aromaticity, which in this context refers to special stability related to the electronic structure of a molecule. Significant effort has gone into creating new nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds to test the generality of theories about aromaticity. These experiments helped stimulate the application of quantum mechanical theory to the prediction of molecular energies. 

The last several decades have seen the growing scientific importance of phenomena near critical points, those conditions of system properties where two coexisting phases, such as liquid and vapor, become identical. This is exemplified by the 1982 Nobel Prize awarded to Kenneth Wilson for his theoretical studies of... 

In addition to its philosophical and scientific importance, water has also been the subject of multitudinous authors, artists, and musicians. Many are familiar with the saying Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink 2... 

In the selection of projects for 1923 emphasis was placed on obtaining suggestions from chemical companies for projects which were of fundamental scientific importance and would therefore be of interest to academic chemists. As chairman of the division of... 

But even if the alchemists did not discover the Grand Arcanum of Nature, they did discover very many scientifically important facts. Even if they did not prepare the Philosopher s Stone, they did prepare a very large number of new and important chemical compounds. Their labours were the seeds out of which modem Chemistry developed, and this highly important science is rightfully included under the expression "The Outcome of... 

The relatively small amount of space given to this subject is significantly out of proportion with its social and scientific importance. But it may accurately reflect the amount of attention given to the subject by scientific professionals. Most of the scientific literature on the topic appears in legal journals. It is a subject that deserves far more scientific scrutiny than it has yet received. 

X-ray absorption spectroscopy is an exciting new tool, ideally suited to probing the immediate environment of a specific atom type in a physical, chemical or biological system. The advent of synchrotron radiation has transformed this technique from a topic of relatively minor interest to one of major scientific importance and activity " . A major attraction of the technique is the possibility it provides of probing a reaction centre in a wide range of materials ranging from an industrial catalyst to an enzyme the technique is not limited by the physical state of the sample. In this review, suitability of this technique for biochemical systems is discussed. 

Kirchmeyer S, Reuter K (2005) Scientific importance, properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J Mater Chem 15 2077-2088... 

DNA (first proposed by Crick, Franklin and Watson in the 195O s [Ju, Part I]) suggested, and continues to suggest, experimental predictions in molecular biology. We hope, in the course of the book, to convince the reader that the mathematics we discuss (e.g., analysis, representation theory) is of scientific importance beyond its importance within mathematics proper. In order to succeed, we must use mathematics to pull testable experimental predictions from the physically-inspired assumptions of this section. 

The next polymer Standard Reference Materials, issued in 1970, were a linear and a branched polyethylene. They are representative of crystalline olefin polymers, which have assumed great commercial and scientific importance. The linear material was kindly provided by the Dupont Co. and the branched by Union Carbide Corp. 

The general scientific importance of chain reaction theory is also obvious it has, for example, stimulated the development of nuclear reaction theory. 

Kirchmeyer S, Reuter K, Simpson JC (2007) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) - scientific importance, remarkable properties, and applications. In Skotheim TA, Reynolds JR (eds) Handbook of conducting polymers. CRC, Boca Raton, chap 10, p 1... 

Traceability structures for pH and electrolytic conductivity measurement have been built up in this field. The measurement of these quantities is of high relevance to metrology in chemistry and of great economic and scientific importance. This is demonstrated by the high and still growing demand for traceability of measurement results for these quantities to national measurement standards. Furthermore, a new series of European standards on these topics is in preparation within CEN/TC 332. While traceability of pH measurement has been established as one of the PTB s first actions in metrology in chemistry [5], the necessary building blocks for a trace-ability structure for electrolytic conductivity have been installed only recently [6],... 

In the Royal Society, the prominence of Boyle, and later of Newton has tended to overshadow the scientific importance of other early Fellows, but among those whose contributions to the new science were far from inconsiderable Robert Hooke, the Society s first curator of experiments, cannot be ignored. A new critical account of... 

Polymer science, or macromolecular science, grew to be an important research area in the twentieth century, thanks to its scientific importance in the study of matter and life as well as its far-reaching industrial applications. While its central core has remained in the domain of chemical science, the field grew by incorporating and interacting with other sciences, such as physics and biology. 

The Metal Carbides.—These are of great technical and scientific importance. They have been repeatedly and thoroughly described, hence a reference to various works upon this subject will suffice here.3... 

The viscoelastic properties of carbon nanotube/polymer composites have both practical importance related to composite processing and scientific importance as a probe of the composite dynamics and microstructure. The viscosity for CNT/PU dispersion at mixing is also very important for in-situ formation of polyurethane nanocomposite. Lower viscosity means a better flow ability and more homogenous mixing with isocyanate. Furthermore, low viscosity is very helpful to remove the bubbles before curing, which is a key step for polyurethane preparation. 

The same principles found an even more spectacular application in the area of polynucleotide synthesis. Most importantly, it was recognized that the use of various types of solid support offered a number of promising strategic opportunities in other areas of organic synthesis. Thus the successful solution of what appeared to be initially a purely technical problem, of limited significance, led ultimately to results of enormous scientific importance. 

We started this section with a reference to the ancient perception about the elements of Perfection and their role in the Universe. Here it seems timely to remember that the highest symbol of the Harmony and Unity in the World had been always represented in the shape of the Sphere. The repercussions of these beliefs can be found in all religions, very ancient and rather modern. Therefore it is hardly surprising to observe that the preparation of a nearly perfect spheroidal molecule, buckminsterfullerene 59, besides its overwhelming scientific importance, elicits a special excitement due simply to the intrinsic beauty of this structure and its appeal to the common perception of Harmony. 

If we count only the works of real scientific importance, we shall obtain the following figures 1977-20,1978-40,1979-60,1980-90, and 1981-above 125. A number of monographs, collections of reports at conferences and reviews have also appeared in this field... 

The examples summarized here are just a first demonstration of the potential of single-molecule experiments for the analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, they provide a clear perspective that single-molecule experiments will continue to contribute to our detailed understanding of enzymes. A more detailed understanding is not only of fundamental scientific importance, but will also provide the basis for the design of better enzymes and enzyme inhibitors for a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Furthermore, the concepts outlined here are generic and can be applied to other systems, such as industrial catalysts [47]. 

R.H. Tredgold, Ordered Organic Multilayers, J. Mater. Chem., 5 (1995) 1095. (Short review basics of LB, self-assembly and other techniques interesting developments and aspects of particular scientific Importance.)... 

The aqueous solutions have received attention for more than a century because they are of industrial, environmental and scientific importance. One of the features of the aqueous solutions of organic substances is their microheterogeneity, reflected in the fact that the local concentration differs from the bulk concentration. The microheterogeneities in solutions can be characterized by the following nanometer-level parameters (1) the correlation volume, i.e. the volume in which the concentration differs from the average concentration, (2) the excess (or deficit) number of molecules in the correlation volume compared to the number of molecules when they are randomly distributed, and (3) the inter molecular interactions between the molecules in the above volume. 

---