Guanylyl-cyclase activity

II Receptors with intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity... 

Activation of brain H receptors also stimulates cGMP synthesis [19]. Outside the brain, histamine is known to relax vascular smooth muscle by activation of endothelial H receptors, thereby increasing endothelial Ca2+ concentrations and stimulating the synthesis and release of nitric oxide. The latter, a diffusible agent, then activates the smooth muscle guanylyl cyclase [30]. Although less is known about these mechanisms in the CNS, there is evidence that brain H receptor activation can produce effects that depend on guanylyl cyclase activity [19]. 

Schmidt, H. H., Pollock, J. S., Nakane, M., Gorsky, L. D., Forstermann U., Murad, F., Purification of a soluble isoform of guanylyl cyclase-activating-factor synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991), p. 365-369... 

NOS-containing neurons have a very discrete localization in the CNS, representing only 1% of neuronal cells. However, their axons ramify so extensively that virtually every cell in the brain may encounter a NOS nerve terminal. As a diatomic gas, NO is freely diffusible and thus can readily enter adjacent neuronal cells. Once inside the target cell, NO binds the iron in heme contained within the active site of soluble guanylyl cyclase, activating the enzyme to form cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The activity of NO is therefore mediated by an enzyme receptor. In neurons, NO is formed in response to calcium influx reminiscent of calcium-dependent exocytotic release of neurotransmitters. 

Ames, J.B., Dizhoor, A.M., Ikura, M., Palczewski, K., and Stryer, L. (1999). Three-dimensional structure of guanylyl cyclase activating protein-2, a calcium-sensitive modulator of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclases. J. Biol. Chem. 274 19329-19337. 

Cuenca, N., Lopez, S., Howes, K., and Kolb, H. (1998). The localization of guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins in the mammalian retina. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 1243—1250. 

Hurley, J.B. and Dizhoor, A.M. (2000). Heterologous expression and assays for photoreceptor guanylyl cyclases and guanylyl cyclase activating proteins. Methods Enzymol. 315 708-717. 

Krylov, D.M. and Hurley, J.B. (2001). Identification of proximate regions in a complex of retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 and guanylyl cyclase activating protein-1 by a novel mass spectrometry based method. J Biol. Chem. 276 30648-30654. 

Laura, R.P. and Hurley, J.B. (1998). The kinase homology domain of retinal guanylyl cyclases 1 and 2 specifies the affinity and cooperativity of interaction with guanylyl cyclase activating protein-2. Biochemistry 37 11264-11271. 

Olshevskaya, E.V., Ermilov, A.N., and Dizhoor, A.M. (1999b). Dimerization of guanylyl cyclaseactivating protein and a mechanism of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 274 25583-25587. 

Sokal, I., Otto-Bruc, A.E., Surgucheva, I., Verlinde, C.L., Wang, C.K., Baehr, W., and Palczewski, K. (1999). Conformational changes in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (GCAP1) and its tryptophan mutants as a junction of calcium concentration. J. Biol. Chem. 274 19829—19837. 

Mechanism of action of nitrates, nitrites, and other substances that increase the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in smooth muscle cells. (MLCK, activated myosin light chain kinase [see Figure 12-1] guanylyl cyclase, activated guanylyl cyclase , unknown intermediate steps. Steps leading to relaxation are shown with heavy arrows.)... 

Kook, H., J. Lee, S.W. Kim, and Y.H. Baik. 2002. Augmented natriuretic peptide-induced guanylyl cyclase activity and vasodilation in experimental hyperglycemic rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 88 167-173. 

Gerzer R, Karrenbrock B, Siess W, Heim JM (1988) Direct comparison of the effects of nitroprusside, SIN-1 and various nitrates on platdet aggregation and soluble guanylyl cyclase activity. Thromb Res 52 11-21. 

Mery, P.-F., Pavoine, C., Belhassen, L., Pecker, F., and Fischmeister, R. (1993). Nitric oxide regulates cardiac Ca current Involvement of cGMP-inhibited and cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterases through guanylyl cyclase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26286-26295. 

Mulsch A, Mradvintcev P et al (1991) The potent vasodilating and guanylyl cyclase activating dinitrosyl-iron (II) complex is stored in a protein-bound form in vascular tissue and is released by thiols. EEBS Lett 294 252-256... 

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