Reinforcement fabrics

Waterproof. Waterproofing barrier systems may be either hot- or cold-appHed. The hot-appHed generaUy involve a bituminous material such as asphalt used in conjunction with a reinforcing fabric such as roofing felt, cotton, or glass cloth. Cold-appHed can be bituminous or elastomeric materials either in Hquid or sheet form, with or without fabric reinforcement. Liquid elastomeric treatments include neoprene, polyurethanes, and blends of these or epoxies with bituminous materials. Among the commonly used precured elastomeric sheet materials are neoprene, polyisobutylene, EPDM mbber, and plasticized PVC. Polyethylene and PVC films and nonwoven plastic or glass fabric coated with bituminous materials also find use (78). Because these... 

Applications. Initial appHcations have been largely in military and aerospace areas. These include hydrauHc seals for military aircraft and fuel seals and diaphragms for both military and civiHan aircraft. Shock mounts for EZ are used on aircraft engines. Large fabric-reinforced boot seals are used in the air intake system on the M-1 tank. The material s useful temperature range, fuel and fatigue resistance, and fire resistance were determining factors in this appHcation. 

Pinch The industrial equivalent of controlling flow bv pinching a soda straw is the pinch valve, Mves of this tvpe use fabric-reinforced elastomer sleeves that completely isolate the process fluid from the metal parts in the valve. The valve is actuated bv applying air pressure directly to the outside of the sleeve, causing it to contract or pinch. Another method is to pinch the sleeve with a linear actuator with a specially attached foot. Pinch valves are used extensively for corrosive material service and erosive sliirrv senice. This type of valve is used in applications with pressure drops up to 10 bar (145 psi),... 

The type of reinforeement. In the case of fabric reinforcement, factors such as cloth weight and crimp will have a large effect on mechanical properties. 

BROWN, w. L, Fabric Reinforced Plastics, Cleaver-Hume Press, London (1947)... 

In addition to the petrolatum tapes and those based on a laminate of p.e. or p.v.c. with an elastomeric sealant or pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, recent developments have centred around self-adhesive bituminous laminates. These tapes are commonly constructed with a p.v.c. backing, whose thickness ranges from 0 08 to 0 75 mm and a bituminous adhesive compound layer to provide a total tape thickness of up to 2 mm. In order to maintain conformability without compromising impact values, tapes may also be manufactured with a fabric reinforcement within the bituminous layer. 

Besides scrap and worn tires, other main sources of waste mbber are discarded mbber products, such as mbber pipes, mbber belts, mbber shoes, edge scraps, automobile hoses, and various fabric-reinforced components. Scraps produced during the production of mbber goods also contribute to recycle stream [6]. Reutilization of waste mbber demanded effective techniques for its recycling. 

A driven, fabric reinforced, beltlike component over which loosely formed textile fibres (slub) are drafted (orientated and drawn) to improve yam formation and consolidation. Two aprons work face to face, between which the yam being formed is drawn. The aprons separate two sets of cots and fluted steel rollers, revolving at different speeds to create the stretching required. 

Suzuki, Y., Maekawa, Z., Hamada, H., Yokoyama, A. and Sugihara, T. (1993). Influence of silane coupling agents on interlaminar fracture in glass fiber fabric reinforced unsaturated polyester laminates. J. Mater. Sci. 28, 1725-1723. 

Ko, F.K., Oastorc, C.M., Yang, J.M. and Chou, T.W. (1986). Structure and properties of multi-layer, multidirectional warp knit fabric reinforced composites. In Composites 86 Recent Advances in Japan and the United Slates, Japan Society for Composite Materials, Tokyo. 

The extrusion process takes unvulcanized rubber and forces it trough a die, which results in long lengths of rubber of a dehnite cross-section. There are two general subdivisions of this technique one extrudes simple products and the other builds products by extruding the mbber onto metal or fabric reinforcement. Products from these techniques include tire tread, cable coating, and rubber hose. 

Branch Connections Branch connections may be made with manufactured tees, fabricated reinforced and nonreinforced branch connections (Fig. 10-130), or manufactured integrally reinforced branch connections. Butt-welded fittings offer the best opportunity... 

Diaphragm Valves These valves are limited to pressures of proximately 50 Ibf/in (Fig. 10-154). The fabric-reinforced diaphragms may be made from natural rubber, from a synthetic rubber, or from natural or synthetic rubbers faced with Teflon fluorocarbon resin. The simple shape of the body makes lining it economical. Elastomers have shorter lives as diaphragms than as linings because of... 

Apart from the above three types there are custom built rubber products such as expansion joints, flexible cell covers and large size rubber foils for the caustic soda industry, and many inflatables, fabric reinforced products and thick moulded sheets for specialty applications in certain process plants. These are all hand formed in aluminium or cast iron moulds or forms by laying up process and then cured in autoclave. Here the flow of the un-vulcanized rubber during cure is not very important as the shape is already formed rather the green strength and the stiffness of rubber stock with a low scorch time are the important requisites. A rubber expansion joint made by a hand layup method and cured in autoclave is shown in the following figure 14.1. 

Picard, et al, Fabric Reinforced Crosslinked Cellulose Nitrate Propellants for Recoilless Weapons , PATM 2057 (1973)... 

Recently Nishijima et al. investigated the radiation effects of three-dimensional glass-fabric reinforced plastics (3DFRP) mentioned in the preceding section, since the interlaminar shear strength of composites was expected to be greatly enhanced by the presence of Z-axis reinforcement [78]. Two kinds of 3DFRP were newly developed and named as ZI-003 and ZI-005 of which the matrices were epoxy and BT resins, respectively [28]. The compressive tests... 

Laminar or Laminate Fabrics and non-wovens Fabric-reinforced plashes Reinforced plashc tubes and hoses Reinforced hres and conveyer belts... 

The compounded rubber stock will be further processed for use. The process could be injection or transfer molding into a hot mold where it is cured. Tire curing bladders are made in this fashion. Extrusion of the rubber stock is used to make hose or tire treads and sidewalls. Another common process is calendaring, in which a fabric is passed through rolls where rubber is squeezed into the fabric to make fabric-reinforced rubber sheets for roofing membranes or body plies for tires. The actual construction of the final product can be quite complex. For example, a tire contains many different rubber components some of which are cord or fabric reinforced. All of... 

Fig. 2.7 The tensile stress-strain curves versus temperatures for (a) unidirectional SCS-6 fiber-reinforced hot-pressed Si3N4, (b) unidirectional SCS-6 fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded Si3N4, (c) 2-D Nicalon fabric-reinforced CVI-SiC, and (d) 3-D braided Nicalon fabric-reinforced CVI-SiC.49-52...

The fabrication techniques for thermosetting resins are complicated because they are normally used with fabric reinforcement, but some filled epoxies containing molybdenum disulphide are available as two-component systems for casting or as solid bar for machining. Dough moulding compounds are used for rapid production of components. 

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