Layered compound

The PES measurements arc performed with reference to the Fermi level of the photoclectron spectrometer, in solid specimens, as dealt with here, by the way the spectroscopy works. Thus, in cases when the Fermi level shifts due to some chemical modifications of the sample, i.e., in the intercalation of graphite or other layered compound [16] or in the doping of conjugated polymers 1171, il is necessary to account for the change in the Fermi energy level before interpreting spec-... 

The recovery of petroleum from sandstone and the release of kerogen from oil shale and tar sands both depend strongly on the microstmcture and surface properties of these porous media. The interfacial properties of complex liquid agents—mixtures of polymers and surfactants—are critical to viscosity control in tertiary oil recovery and to the comminution of minerals and coal. The corrosion and wear of mechanical parts are influenced by the composition and stmcture of metal surfaces, as well as by the interaction of lubricants with these surfaces. Microstmcture and surface properties are vitally important to both the performance of electrodes in electrochemical processes and the effectiveness of catalysts. Advances in synthetic chemistry are opening the door to the design of zeolites and layered compounds with tightly specified properties to provide the desired catalytic activity and separation selectivity. 

Tributsch H (1982) Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion Involving Transition Metal d-States and Intercalation of Layer Compounds. 49 127-175 Truter MR (1973) Structures of Organic Complexes with Alkali Metal Ions. 16 71-111 Tytko KH, Mehmke J, Kurad D (1999) Bond Length-Bond Valence Relationships, With Particular Reference to Polyoxometalate Chemistry. 93 1-64 Tytko KH (1999) A Bond Model for Polyoxometalate Ions Composed of M06 Octahedra (MOk Polyhedra with k > 4). 93 65-124... 

Wiegers GA (1996) Misfit Layer Compounds Stmctures and Physical Properties. Prog SoUd State Chem 24 1-139... 

Li Q, Walter EC, van der Veer WE, Murray BJ, Newberg JT, Bohannan EW, Switzer JA, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2005) Molybdenum disulfide nanowires and nanoribbons by electrochemical/chemical synthesis. J Phys Chem B 109 3169-3182 Tenne R, Homyonfer M, Feldman Y (1998) Nanoparticles of layered compounds with hollow cage structures (inorganic fuUerene-like structures). Chem Mater 10 3225-3238 Shibahara T (1993) Syntheses of sulphur-bridged molybdenum and tungsten coordination compounds. Coord Chem Rev 123 73-147... 

Etman M, Katty A, Levy-Clement C, Lemasson P (1982) Photoelectrochemical study of the layered compound ln2/3PSc3. Mater Res Bull 17 579-584... 

Balkanski M, Kambas K, Julien C, Hammerberg J, Schleich D (1981) Optical and transport measmements on Lithium intercalated a-ln2Se3 layered compounds. Sohd State Ionics 5 387-390... 

In the case of layer compounds as electrode materials the kinetics of charge transfer were also studied in some detail taking into account surface recombination which plays an important role here . In the presence of suitable redox systems some materials show very little corrosion . This is due to the morphology of the crystal surfaces and it is generally assumed that corrosion occurs only at steps of different crystal planes . Accordingly, it is not surprising that the highest efficiencies were obtained with some of these materials (Table 1) . The steps also play an important role in the fill factor as determined by surface recombination measurements . ... 

In this case, however, the standard potential is very negative resulting in a very small photovoltage. In this respect single crystals of layer-compounds are favorable materials because of their special surface morphology. 

Tributsch, H. Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion Involving Transition Metal d-States and Intercalation of Layer Compounds. Vol. 49, pp. 127-175. 

Domen, K. and Hara, M., Water photolysis by layered compounds, in Photocatalysis, Science and Technology, Kaneko, M. and Okura, I. (Eds), Kodansha/Springer, Berlin, 2002, Chap. 16. 

In the following the compounds will be described, depending on the degree of condensation of the metal and trimetaphosphimate ions. Up to now phosphimatometallates with isolated and chainlike (single and double chains) units as well as a layered compound have been described. These structural possibilities are shown in Fig. 4. 

Figure 4.31 Idealized structures of misfit-layer compounds (a) (LaS)i.20CrS2 (b) (SnS)i.i7 NbS2 (c) (Ca2CoO3)0.62(CoO2) and (d) (Bi0.87SrO2)2(CoO2)i.s2. The shaded polyhedra represent sheets of MX6 octahedra (a, c, d) or trigonal prisms (b).

G. A. Wiegers, Misfit Layer Compounds Structures and Physical Properties, Prog. Solid State Chem., 24, 1-139 (1996). 

Organic phosphonates represent another class of anchoring agents, which react with zirconium hydroxide to form pillared structures. These are also referred to as molecularly engineered layered structures (MELS). Layered compounds of organic phosphonates of zirconium with the formula of Zr(RP03)2 have been rec-... 

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