Processes extrusion

The process is affected by the rotation rate and shape of the screw and by the heat transfer 

The extrasion process is more economical than the spin process. However, it yields fiberlike particles rather than well-defined fibers. A great number and variety of extruders are now in operation. As with other food processes, there is a trend toward developing and utilizing high-temperature/short-time extrusion cooking. 

Aeschbach, R., Amado, R., Neukom, H. Formation of dityrosine cross-links in proteins by oxidation of tyrosine residues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 439, 292 (1976) 

Yamashita, M., Fujimaki, M. Nutritional improvement of food proteins by means of the plastein reaction and its novel modification. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 105,663 (1978) 

Yamashita, M., Arai, S., Suzuki, J., Fujimaki, M. Specificity for incorporation of a-tunino acid esters during the plastein reaction by paptun. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 1138 (1977) 

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Extrusion cooking Extrusion process Extrusion processes Extrusions Extrusion technology Exudate gums Exxate 600... 

Continuous Solvent—Extrusion Process. A schematic for a typical continuous process, widely used for making solvent propellant for cannons, is shown in Figure 7. This continuous process produces ca 1100 metric tons of single-base propellant per month at the U.S. Army Ammunition Plant (Radford, Virginia). Continuous processes have also been developed for double- and triple-base propellants and for stick as well as granular geometries. A principal aspect of these processes has been the extensive use of single- and double-screw extmders instead of the presses used in the batch process. 

Solventless Extrusion Process. The solvendess process for making double-base propellants has been used ia the United States primarily for the manufacture of rocket propellant grains having web thickness from ca 1.35 to 15 cm and for thin-sheet mortar (M8) propellant. The process offers such advantages as minimal dimensional changes after extmsion, the elimination of the drying process, and better long-term baUistic uniformity because there is no loss of volatile solvent. The composition and properties of typical double-base solvent extmded rocket and mortar propellant are Hsted ia Table... 

Extrusion Processes. Polymer solutions are converted into fibers by extmsion. The dry-extmsion process, also called dry spinning, is primarily used for acetate and triacetate. In this operation, a solution of polymer in a volatile solvent is forced through a number of parallel orifices (spinneret) into a cabinet of warm air the fibers are formed by evaporation of the solvent. In wet extmsion, a polymer solution is forced through a spinneret into a Hquid that coagulates the filaments and removes the solvent. In melt extmsion, molten polymer is forced through a multihole die (pack) into air, which cools the strands into filaments. 

The solvent used to form the dope is evaporated during the extrusion process and must be recovered. This is usually done by adsorption on activated carbon or condensation by refrigeration. For final purification, the solvent is distilled. Approximately 3 kg of acetone, over 99%, is recovered per kg of acetate yam produced. Recovery of solvent from triacetate extmsion is similar, but ca 4 kg of methylene chloride solvent is needed per kg of triacetate yam extmded. 

K. Laue and H. Stenger, Extrusion Processes, Machinery, Tooling ASM, Materials Park, Ohio, 1976. 

IMPACT EXTRUSION PROCESS CAPABILITY MAP (RADIAL TOLERANCES ONLY)... 

EXTRUSION PROCESS CAPABILITY MAP FOR ALUMINIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS... 

It is, however, much easier to write such statements than to achieve perfection in practice. Some idea of the practical difficulties are vividly illustrated in Figure 8.18 due to Clegg which shows the complex interrelations of process variables in an extrusion process. 

Figure 8.18. Interrelationships of process variables in an extrusion process. (After Clegg )...

Considerable amounts of polyethylene film are produced using coaxial extrusion processes in which two or more melt streams are combined in the die to produce extruded film of two or more layers of plastics materials. Layers in such a composite may be included, for example, to improve barrier properties, to enhance sealability or even simply to act as an adhesive between dissimilar layers. 

Extrusion Process in which heated or unheated plastic compound is... 

Pultrusion is also used to make structural shapes from composite materials. The incoming material is generally unidirectional and must be pulled through the pultrusion die because the uncured composite material is entirely too flexible to push (as in extrusion processes). The incoming material can be preshaped by various guides and rollers as in Figure 1-18. 

Additives such as antioxidants and photostabilizers of low-molecular weight face two major problems (1) they may evaporate during high temperature moulding and extrusion process or (2) they may migrate to the surface of the plastic and get extracted. There are, in general, three ways of overcoming these problems. 

In the two typical shaft seal manufacturing processes shown in Fig. 2, the extrusion process is only required if the compression molding process is being used. There are basically two types of extruders in general use, the cold feed and the hot feed. In both cases their role is to produce the preforms for use with compression molding. The critical issues with the preform are the shape, the dimensions, and the weight. 

Recently, it has been proposed that direct extrusion processing may be a far better alternative for the blend preparation. It has various advantages, such as a one-step fabrication process, a reduction of the production... 

At the downstream of the extrusion process a suitable reaction catalyst, reactive diluent, e.g., crosslinking monomer, is fed into the molten polymer mix. 

This is produced by a continuous extrusion process, which gives the product a smooth-surface skin and enhances the mechanical properties. 

For several basic reasons, the extrusion process does not have the large number of possible process product interactions that the preceding molding methods presented. Due to this situation it can not fabricate the complex shapes and tighter tolerances obtained from molding. The process is a steady-state continuous production operation that can be brought to a condition of control. However it has its share of potential problems (Chapter 8, EXTRUSION). 

The operating pressures and shear rates in the extrusion process are considerably lower than they are in molding. As it exits the die, but not necessarily when it leaves the process, the material is in an essentially stress-free condition. Depending on the wall thickness of the material and the particular material, there is orientation of the plastic to a greater or lesser controllable degree. Thin walls produce higher orientation in materials such as PP, that is a highly crystalline polyolefin, and which orients much more than materials such as PVC. 

Insistence on all dimensions as critical will result in the process being restricted to one narrow set of operating conditions, usually at a low production rate, with a high scrap rate and high product costs. In cases where the dimensions are critical, it may be that the extrusion process should be discarded in favor of molding or machining of the product. However controlling all dimensions can be accomplished at a cost. 

Subject to the limitations indicated, control over extrusion process products is consistent enough to make a uniform repeatable product once the limitations are accommodated. Here, as in other processing, good communication between the processor and the designer will help make for a successful economical product. 

The extrusion process has fewer process control problems with TPs than does injection molding but has greater problems in dimensional control and shape. During... 

The success of any continuous extrusion process depends not only upon uniform quality and conditioning of the raw materials but also upon the speed and continuity of the feed of additives or regrind along with virgin plastic upstream of the extruders hopper. Variations in the bulk density of materials can exist in the hopper, requiring controllers such as weight feeders, etc. 

Antioxidant additive in the polyethylene resin. While such an additive can prevent oxidation, and thus odor, it also can contribute directly to the odor. If an antioxidant is needed, it must be FRA approved, should have a high melting point, and should be used at a minimum level consistent with the extrusion process. Catalyst residues and antioxidants present in polyethylene sometimes interact to form odorous products. 

Contamination problems act as a barrier to the recycling of PET bottle waste. The presence of impurities that generate acid compounds at the high temperatures reached during the extrusion process prior to blow molding is a major problem in the reprocessing of PET because chain cleavage reactions are acid catalyzed. EVA... 

Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2942-5. 012 FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING OF POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE (PMMA) BY DEPOLYMERISING IN A REACTIVE EXTRUSION PROCESS Breyer K Michaeli W IKV (SPE)... 

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