Pressure direct

The true vapor pressure of hydrocarbons is expressed in bar and represents the vapor pressure directly above a saturated liquid in equilibrium with the vapor that rises over it. 

In 1954 the surface fluorination of polyethylene sheets by using a soHd CO2 cooled heat sink was patented (44). Later patents covered the fluorination of PVC (45) and polyethylene bottles (46). Studies of surface fluorination of polymer films have been reported (47). The fluorination of polyethylene powder was described (48) as a fiery intense reaction, which was finally controlled by dilution with an inert gas at reduced pressures. Direct fluorination of polymers was achieved in 1970 (8,49). More recently, surface fluorinations of poly(vinyl fluoride), polycarbonates, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate), and the surface fluorination of containers have been described (50,51). Partially fluorinated poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyamides such as nylon have excellent soil release properties as well as high wettabiUty (52,53). The most advanced direct fluorination technology in the area of single-compound synthesis and synthesis of high performance fluids is currently practiced by 3M Co. of St. Paul, Minnesota, and by Exfluor Research Corp. of Austin, Texas. 

Pinch The industrial equivalent of controlling flow bv pinching a soda straw is the pinch valve, Mves of this tvpe use fabric-reinforced elastomer sleeves that completely isolate the process fluid from the metal parts in the valve. The valve is actuated bv applying air pressure directly to the outside of the sleeve, causing it to contract or pinch. Another method is to pinch the sleeve with a linear actuator with a specially attached foot. Pinch valves are used extensively for corrosive material service and erosive sliirrv senice. This type of valve is used in applications with pressure drops up to 10 bar (145 psi),... 

HDR Positive pressure direct dust hoods and blouses (high efficiency)... 

Aneroid gauge, electronic An aneroid gauge with the advantage of being able to integrate the velocity pressure directly into velocity. 

The peak shock pressure directly after the burst, p, is much lower than the initial gas pressure in the vessel / . As the shock wave travels away from the vessel, the peak shock pressure decreases. The nondimensional peak-shock overpressure directly after the burst is defined as (pjpo) 1. It is given by the following expression (see Section 6.3.1.1) ... 

Numerical values of equilibrium constants can be calculated if the partial pressures of products and reactants at equilibrium are known. Sometimes you will be given equilibrium partial pressures directly (Example 12.3). At other times you will be given the original partial pressures and the equilibrium partial pressure of one species (Example 12.4). In that case, the calculation of K is a bit more difficult, because you have to calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of all the species. 

The design of the instrument, together with the pumping capacity, ensures a low background pressure (<10 mbar). Under process conditions the pressure directly behind the orifice is about a factor of 10 lower than the process pressure in the mass filter, even a factor of 10. The mean free path of particles that have entered the EQP therefore is several meters. 

The second effect of surface tension is that it causes the alveolus to become as small as possible. As the water molecules pull toward each other, the alveolus forms a sphere, which is the smallest surface area for a given volume. This generates a pressure directed inward on the alveolus, or a collapsing pressure. The magnitude of this pressure is determined by the Law of LaPlace ... 

Replot the data, using the volume and the reciprocal of the pressure. Do these values fall on a straight line Are volume and the reciprocal of pressure directly proportional Are volume and pressure directly proportional ... 

The action of nitrates appears to be mediated indirectly through reduction of MVo2 secondary to venodilation and arterial-arteriolar dilation, leading to a reduction in wall stress from reduced ventricular volume and pressure. Direct actions on the coronary circulation include dilation of large and small intramural coronary arteries, collateral dilation, coronary artery stenosis dilation, abolition of normal tone in narrowed vessels, and relief of spasm. 

Fig. 8. Wafer carrier with a floating carrier plate. Pneumatic pressure is applied through an inlet resulting in hydrostatic pressure directly against the wafer. There is not necessarily any independent retaining ring control.

Mechanical vacuum gauges measure the pressure directly by recording the force which the particles (molecules and atoms) in a gas-filled space exert on a surface by virtue of their thermal velocity. 

Knowledge of the sample pressure is essential in all high-pressure experiments. It is vital for determinations of equations of state, for comparisons with other experimental studies and for comparisons with theoretical calculations. Unfortunately, one cannot determine the sample pressure directly from the applied force on the anvils and their cross-sectional area, as losses due to friction and elastic deformation cannot be accurately accounted for. While an absolute pressure scale can be obtained from the volume and compressibility, by integration of the bulk modulus [109], the most commonly-employed methods to determine pressures in crystallographic experiments are to use a luminescent pressure sensor, or the known equation of state of a calibrant placed into the sample chamber with the sample. W.B. Holzapfel has recently reviewed both fluorescence and calibrant data with the aim of realising a practical pressure scale to 300 GPa [138]. 

S.M. Kogarko Ya.B. Zel -dovich, DoklAkadN 63, 553(1948) (Experiments conducted in order to prove the existence of the zone of increased pressure directly behind the shock wave front in spin detonation) (These experiments are also described in Ref 20, pp 183-85)... 

Thiopentone, given as a bolus, causes a reduction in arterial blood pressure, direct myocardial depression, vasodilatation (including venodilatation), and an increase in heart rate. In common with other intravenous anaesthetic agents, these effects are due to both a direct... 

By means of this apparatus, it is possible to vary the area of a spread monolayer and measure the corresponding film pressure directly. Many different variations of the film balance are available, and a number of instrumentational techniques can be combined with the Langmuir balance to obtain information on the microstructure of the films and the properties of the films. Figure 7.4b illustrates, for example, a laser optics arrangement to monitor the molecular orientation of the hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules. Below in this... 

GAS HYDRATE. A clathrale compound formed by gas (either noble or reactive) and water. The compounds are crystalline solids and are insoluble in water, They usually form (only at relatively low temperatures and high pressures directly by contact of gas and liquid water. From 6 to 18 molecules of water may combine with each molecule of gas. depending on the nulurc of the gas. 

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