Expert Principle

This process is called eager instantiation. Another approach is not to create these state objects until the first time when they are needed, which is called lazy instantiation. Lazy instantiation is more resource efficient because the objects are not created before they are needed and are never created if they are never needed. In our situation, if we take the lazy approach, the state objects will be responsible for creating other state objects, which is against the Expert Principle (Larman, 2005). 

Expert Principle Assign a responsibility to the class that has the information needed to fulfill it. 

Written by acknowledged experts. Principles of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry is up-to-date, wide-ranging and practical. It will be an important source of information for many levels of reader-ship in a variety of areas, from students and lecturers through to industrial and laboratory staff and consultants. 

Gianatano, J. and Riley, G., (1989), Expert Systems Principles and Programming, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston, 1989. 

At one time, computational chemistry techniques were used only by experts extremely experienced in using tools that were for the most part difficult to understand and apply. Today, advances in software have produced programs that are easily used by any chemist. Along with new software comes new literature on the subject. There are now books that describe the fundamental principles of computational chemistry at almost any level of detail. A number of books also exist that explain how to apply computational chemistry techniques to simple calculations appropriate for student assignments. There are, in addition, many detailed research papers on advanced topics that are intended to be read only by professional theorists. 

The chapters presented by different experts in the field have been structured to develop an intuition for the basic principles by discussing the kinematics of shock compression, first from an extremely fundamental level. These principles include the basic concepts of x-t diagrams, shock-wave interactions, and the continuity equations, which allow the synthesis of material-property data from the measurement of the kinematic properties of shock compression. A good understanding of these principles is prerequisite... 

The chemical and physical phenomena involved in chemical process accidents is very complex. The preceding provides the elements of some of the simpler analytic methods, but a PSA analyst should only have to know general principles and use the work of experts contained in computer codes. There are four types of phenomenology of concern 1) release of dispersible toxic material, 21 dispersion of the material, 3) fires, and 4) explosions. A general reference to such codes is not in the open literature, although some codes are mentioned in CCPS (1989) they are not generally available to the public. 

The major benefits that arise from the application of human factors principles to process operations are improved safety and reduced down time. In addition, the elimination of error has substantial potential benefits for both quality and productivity. There is now a considerable interest in applying quality management approaches in the CPI. Many of the major quality experts em-... 

The expert is aware that the electron s history has no significance, but a learner may well expect there to be a greater attraction between an atomic core and the bonding electron that belongs to that atom (Taber, 1998). Such beliefs may seem rather bizarre for those used to thinking of chemistry in terms of fundamental concepts (such as energy and forces), but actually reflect one of the basic principles of magic that seem to commonly influence people s intuitions about the natural world (Nemeroff Rozin, 2000). Indeed the notion that a past association leaves some... 

The EU laws follow three principles related to consumer health (1) protection, (2) fraud prevention, and (3) trade barriers. The union tried to harmonize the laws of different countries, particularly in recent years when the enlargement of the European Community became dynamic. Color Directive 94/36/EC contains horizontal provisions that refer to common laws in different countries and vertical directives that apply to specific foods. The EU directives take into account the recommendations of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), the Codex AUmen-tarius Commission, and the Joint Food and Agriculture OrganizationAVorld Health Organization (FAOAVHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 

As an example, consider the automation efforts for chemical laboratories in the last decades. Chemical laboratories of today are equipped with instruments that, in principle, can run automatically for 24 hours a day. This results in a higher productivity, since more samples can be analysed with an equal technical effort. Decisions about the analysis itself, how many and which samples must be analysed with what method or technique, etc., are still the responsibility of the laboratory personnel. Since experience can be incorporated into expert systems, they can provide significant benefits as decision-supporting tools. Therefore, the main ideas of expert systems and their development are explained in this chapter. More detailed information can be found in the numerous textbooks on expert systems [7-10]. 

A typical feature of expert systems that support frames is inheritance. Frames can be organized in a hierarchical structure. They can inherit properties (attributes) from frames that are higher in the hierarchy. The latter are therefore called parent frame and the former child frame. There are many varieties of the inheritance principle. Frames can have only one parent frame (simple inheritance) or may have multiple parent frames (multiple inheritance). All attributes can be inherited (full inheritance) or only a few, selected by the knowledge engineer, may be inherited (partial inheritance) by the child frames. An example of a simple inheritance organization of frames is shown in Table 43.1. The frame Organic Compound is the parent frame. The frames Ester and Acids are child frames of Organic Compound . A typical example of inheritance is instantiation. The frame Acetic acid is a child of Acids and, since no extra attributes are added, it is also an instantiation. 

Bayesian probability theory and methods that are based on fuzzy-set theory. The principles of both theories are explained in Chapter 16 and Chapter 19, respectively. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for the use in expert systems and it must be emphasized that none of the methods, developed up to now are satisfactory [7,11]. 

Independent reference methods - one organization Two or more independent reference methods, each based on an entirely conceptually different principle of measurement, independent in theory and experimental procedure, applied in replicate, within a single organization, of the highest reputational quality, by two or more expert analysts, working independently. The methods used can, naturally, include definitive methods, and the results should be corroborated by a third or additional, independently different, accurately characterized, well established, thoroughly validated, definitive, reference, or other methods. 

Ingamells CO, PiTARD FF (1986) Applied Geochemical Analysis, pp L-84.Wiley, New York. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) (1978) Expert Panel on Nomenclature and Principles of Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 83 L89F-202F. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1993) Guide to the expression of uncertainty. Geneva. 

Principles of Parenteral Nutrition (Consult a Nutrition Expert Wherever Appropriate)... 

Pharmacotherapy Principles Practice is designed to meet the classroom and independent study needs of today s learners in the health professions. Chapters are written or reviewed by pharmacists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians who are authorities in their fields and were subjected to rigorous review by experts. The book is written in a concise style that facilitates an in-depth level of understanding of the essential concepts. The disease states covered and the drugs discussed in the text focus on those disorders most often seen in actual practice. 

As an expert witness, Frankland performed with an unbeatable combination of activism and authority. A poor lecturer in classrooms, he was nimble-witted on the witness stand, up-to-date on a multitude of facts, and, above all, able to explain clearly any relevant scientific principles. 

We should perhaps make a few important points before going any further - the title of this chapter is highly ambitious We certainly cannot promise to turn you, the reader into expert interpreters in the time it takes you to read this section. Experience is essential and to become really proficient in this area, you need to critically examine literally thousands of spectra. However, be that as it may, by establishing some sound principles and cultivating a critical approach to the spectra you encounter, this book should prove useful in helping you along the way. 

The principle cost of creating an ES is not the hardware on which the system runs or the software that is used to create it, but the cost of employing a human expert to create the system. Not only are human experts expensive creatures, but they also may be understandably reluctant to spend time developing a computerized copy of themselves, knowing that, the more perfectly they manage to distil their expertise into a computer system, the greater the chance that they will make themselves redundant. 

Lucas, P. and van der Gaag, L., Principles of Expert Systems, Addison-Wesley, Wokingham, U.K., 1991. 

Fuzzy logic is often presented as an extension in books that cover expert systems. Few texts exist in which the applications of fuzzy logic to scientific problems are described, but several texts include more general discussions of the principles and practical implementation of this method. Among the best is Negnevitsky s text on intelligent systems.9... 

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