Single organisms

A single organic product was obtained when 1 bromo 3 chloro propane was allowed to react with one molar equivalent of sodium cyanide in aqueous ethanol What was this product j... 

A single organic product was isolated after Birch reduction of... 

Each of the following reactions has been descnbed in the chemical literature and gives a single organic product in good yield Identify the product of each reaction... 

The brush phases are made from the mono-chlorsilanes or the mono-alkoxysilanes which attach a single organic moiety to each reacted hydroxyl group. For example using octyldimethylchlorsilane, dimethyloctyl chains would be attached to the surface like bristles of a brush, hence the term brush phase. In all bonding processes, some hydroxyl groups remain unreacted which would allow the polar character of the silica play a part in retention and also render the surface liable to dissolution in water and dilute acids. For this reason the material is capped by treatment with either trimethylchlorsilane or hexamethyldisilazane to eliminate any unreacted or stearically... 

How does the modeling of an ecosystem differ from that of a single organ-... 

The perceived sensitivity of plant cells to the hydrodynamic stress associated with aeration and agitation conditions is typically attributed to the physical characteristics of the suspended cells, namely their size, the presence of a cell wall, the existence of a large vacuole, and their tendency to aggregate. Table 1 illustrates some of the differences between plant cells and other biological systems. Chalmers [19] attributed shear sensitivity in mammalian cultures at least in part to the fact that these cells occur naturally as part of a tissue, surrounded by other cells. The same is true for plant cells. The more robust microbial systems, on the other hand, exist in nature as single organisms or mycelial structures, very close to the forms they assume in submerged culture. 

The microorganism is again P. chrysogenum. A manufacturer may use the same mutant strain to make both products or may have different mutants for the two penicillins. Parallel situations of a single organism producing more than one natural product occur with other types of antibiotics, for example strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens are used for both chlortetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline fermentations. 

Once a suitable strain is available, the prachce is to grow, often ftom a single organism, a sizeable culture which is distributed in small amounts in a large number of ampoules and then stored at 70°C or freeze-dried. This is the seed lot. From this seed lot, one or more ampoules are taken and used as the seed to originate a limited number of batches of vaccine which are first examined exhaustively in the laboratory and then, if found to be satisfactory, tested for safety and efficacy in clinical trials. Satisfactory results in the clinical trials validate the seed lot as the seed from which batches of vaccine for routine use can subsequently be produced. 

Relatively simple reactions were involved in the degradations, and these can be expected to be available to single organisms. 

TCE is not able to support the growth of a single organism, but it is susceptible to cooxidation by oxygenases elaborated by organisms dnring growth with structurally unrelated substrates. A review of methanotrophic bacteria (Hanson and Hanson 1996) contains a useful account of their application to bioremediation of TCE-contaminated sites. 

Sasaki, K. (2003) Single Organic Nanoparticles (eds H. Masuhara, H. Nakanishi and K Sasaki), Springer, Berlin, Chapter 9. 

S. Machida, H. Kasai, H. Nakanishi, H. Oikawa, A. Itaya Photon antibunching in the emission from a single organic dye nanocrystal.Jpn.J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 46, L268-L270. Copyright the Japan Society of Applied Physics. Reproduced with permission. 

In this section, we have demonstrated that a single organic dye nanocrystal comprised of many chromophores shows photon antibunching when the size is sufficiently small. The present results indicate that molecular assemblies can also be considered as candidates for new single-photon sources. 

Independent reference methods - one organization Two or more independent reference methods, each based on an entirely conceptually different principle of measurement, independent in theory and experimental procedure, applied in replicate, within a single organization, of the highest reputational quality, by two or more expert analysts, working independently. The methods used can, naturally, include definitive methods, and the results should be corroborated by a third or additional, independently different, accurately characterized, well established, thoroughly validated, definitive, reference, or other methods. 

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