Inheritance multiple

A typical feature of expert systems that support frames is inheritance. Frames can be organized in a hierarchical structure. They can inherit properties (attributes) from frames that are higher in the hierarchy. The latter are therefore called parent frame and the former child frame. There are many varieties of the inheritance principle. Frames can have only one parent frame (simple inheritance) or may have multiple parent frames (multiple inheritance). All attributes can be inherited (full inheritance) or only a few, selected by the knowledge engineer, may be inherited (partial inheritance) by the child frames. An example of a simple inheritance organization of frames is shown in Table 43.1. The frame Organic Compound is the parent frame. The frames Ester and Acids are child frames of Organic Compound . A typical example of inheritance is instantiation. The frame Acetic acid is a child of Acids and, since no extra attributes are added, it is also an instantiation. 

Multiple Inherited Genetic Factors Influence the Outcome of Drug Treatments... 

Various complications arise in inheritance from multiple classes. For example, both superclasses may define an operation for the same message, or both superclasses themselves inherit from a common parent, and each language will provide some consistent resolution convention. Java and standard Smalltalk prohibit multiple inheritance of implementations for this reason. 

But the problem is that it is difficult to apply this pattern more than once If Hotels can have different staff-paying policies, does that mean we must have a different subclass for each combination of room allocation and staff payment That would not scale very well even if you used multiple inheritance. 

Some patients have multiple inherited risk factors or combinations of inherited and acquired risk factors as discussed below. These individuals are at higher risk for recurrent thrombotic events and are often considered candidates for lifelong therapy. 

C22. Cohen, F., Zuelzer, W. W., Neel, J. V., and Robirrson, A. R., Multiple inherited erythrocyte abnormalities in an American Negro family hereditary spherocytosis, sickling and thalassemia. Blood 14, 816-827 (1959). 

Model entities can be represented through classes in OWL their instances are called individuals. Classes can be hierarchically ordered in OWL, thereby allowing multiple inheritance. Complex class definitions can be constructed... 

Multiple inheritance To propagate information through class-object hierarchies and exception and uncertainty handlers. 

A key issne concerns the treatment of roles a molecular entity can adopt. Rather than performing multiple inheritance from a protein and catalyst class (static multiple inheritance), for example, to derive an enzyme subclass, we instead combine the role object catalysis with the metabolic entity protein through aggregation (dynamic mnltiple inheritance). Thus, the metabolic entity maintains a list of the roles it can assnme along with the context for each role for instance, a protein may assume the role of catalyst for a given instance of a reaction class. In this way, the protein object can adopt differing roles (e.g., catalyst, transporter) in different scenarios. Also, an object can acqnire additional roles easily as they are discovered without having to modify or rebuild its class definition. 

Multiple inheritance Similar to inheritance, but a capability in which new data types can be created simultaneously from sev... 

Blumberg, B. S. Multiple inherited antigenic differences in serum beta-lipoproteins. Clin. Res. 11, 202 (1963). 

In most current object-oriented programming languages, the possibility exists that a class of objects can inherit attributes from more than one superclass (multiple inheritance). 

It is also possible for an object-class to inherit properties from more than one parent class, leading to multiple inheritance (Figure 2). 

The attributes and methods are inherited from different paths. A subclass that exhibits multiple inheritance allows the benefit of extracting the properties from a. several subcla.sses and U ees. The hierarchy as a whole is no longer a tree. 

Figure 2 Multiple inheritance in a class hierarchy provides additional design flexibility...

Figure 3 One way to define a multiple-inheritance hierarchy for bonds...

We have not included any attributes in a molecule to store its name or list of names. Clearly, it would be desirable to store both a common, short name as well as a systematic name for a molecule it would also be desirable to allow for additional names, and provide methods to manipulate these attributes. In our OOP representation of biochemical systems, we will provide a generic mechanism which relies on a superclass called named object . Then, all we need to do is designate the named object as a superclass of molecules all the attributes and methods are then automatically inherited. This is an example of software reuse facilitated by OOP. Once we abstract a very generic behavior in one system, we can use that same behavior in many other systems, through the class hierarchy and multiple inheritance mechanisms of OOP. 

There is another solution to the problem of accessing data and using methods across objects. If we know when the differentiation of enzymes, bioreactions, and enzymatic activities is not important, we can create classes which take advantage of multiple inheritance to provide the functionality of an enzyme and a bioreaction in a single object. 

Features and functions of our system are encapsulated into packages called objects. Each object has a known relationship with other objects in the system. Objects may belong to a multiple-inheritance hierarchy and can be connected through relationships (an object can be stored as the value of an attribute of another object). 

---