Fraud prevention

The EU laws follow three principles related to consumer health (1) protection, (2) fraud prevention, and (3) trade barriers. The union tried to harmonize the laws of different countries, particularly in recent years when the enlargement of the European Community became dynamic. Color Directive 94/36/EC contains horizontal provisions that refer to common laws in different countries and vertical directives that apply to specific foods. The EU directives take into account the recommendations of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), the Codex AUmen-tarius Commission, and the Joint Food and Agriculture OrganizationAVorld Health Organization (FAOAVHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 

Training on how to detect and, even more important, prevent fraud is another area where QA should be involved (Hattemer-Apostel, 2004). QA auditors should play an active role in fraud prevention and awareness training measures so that all employees are adequately sensitized to reliably identify such occurrences. 

These three principles underlie all of the clauses in the ruling. Fraud prevention was obviously a key part of their thinking, as is evident from a review... 

Food and beverage Consumer fraud prevention quality control assessments ripeness food contamination taste smell characteristics Ingredient confirmation standards brand recognition product consistency marketable condition spoilage, shelf life off flavors product variety assessments... 

Discrimination of orange juice from grapefruit juice in a context of fraud prevention NMR ICA compared with PCA [60]... 

Buyse M, George SL, Evans S,etal. The role of biostatistics in the prevention, detection and treatment of fraud in clinical trials. StatMed 1999 18 3435-51. 

Fraud, however, Pliny tells us, has invented a method of stultifying this test by immersing the shovel in urine, the piece of silver absorbs it as it burns and so displays a fictitious whiteness. This addition of organic matter may be supposed by its reducing action to prevent the oxidation for a time and so interfere with the test as to impose on the unexpert. 

Dr. Meskin s major areas of research interest include (1) hepatic drug metabolism and the effects of nutritional factors on drug metabolism and clearance (2) nutrient-drug interactions (3) the role of bioactive non-nutrients (phytochemicals, herbs, botanicals, and nutritional supplements) in disease prevention and health promotion (4) fetal pharmacology and fetal, maternal, and pediatric nutrition (5) nutrition education and (6) the development of educational programs for improving science literacy and combating health fraud. 

For investor protection, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These acts provided government oversight on U.S. capital to prevent the kind of fraud that had resulted in the 1929 stock market crash. In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to enforce the new laws and to provide stability for U.S. capital markets (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2007). 

An excellent review on the subject has been recently published by Agrawal et al. (5) not only reporting technical issues and solutions around proteomics investigations but also extending the context to food security throughout reducing pathogen risk and food traceability to prevent frauds. Unfortunately,... 

Under the direction of the chief compliance officer and the corporate compliance committee, each organization should develop written compliance policies that pertain to the organization s practices that may be at risk for noncompliance. The policy should clearly delineate the organization s commitment to comply with all federal and state standards, with an emphasis on preventing fraud and abuse. The compliance plan should address, at a minimum, the False Claims Act, the Anti-kickback Statutes, physician self-referral laws, and laws regarding bribery and improper gifts. Once the plan is developed, it should be reviewed and approved by the organization s board of directors. 

Shane R. Detecting and preventing health care fraud and abuse — we ve only just begun [Gommentary]. Am.. Hlth.-Syst. Pharm. 2000 57 1078-1080. 

Confidentiality and Security (Controls). FDA recognized that deliberate intent to commit fraud is very difficult to prevent. (Preamble Comment 7, p. 13433.) Acknowledging this, the agency defined system control... 

This part provides details on the reward scheme that allows pharmacists (pharmacies) to claim a financial reward where they have identified a fraudulent prescription form and thereby either prevented fraud or contributed with valuable information to the investigation of fraud. 

The FDA plays a major part in the prevention and detection of research fraud and misconduct. The FDA carries out two different types of reviews. Study-orientated audits are conducted on clinical trial data itself, in order to ensure patient eligibility, and investigator-orientated inspections can be carried out either routinely or because a sponsor has concerns. If the inspectors have reason to believe that a site has not complied with regulatory requirements or has engaged in fraudulent activity - for which the definition in the Federal Code is very similar to that of the Wellcome Trust - they have the power to disqualify the investigator from taking part in further research, or severely restrict his activities. Such findings are widely publicized both within and outside the United States on the so-called Black List . 

Although European countries take research fraud and misconduct seriously, most have no official sanctions in research fraud. The first research misconduct committees in the Nordic countries date from the early 1990s. Their roles may be both preventive and investigative, but they do not, for the most part, allow sanctions to be taken that remains in the hands of the institutions. 

First was the National Research Ethics Council of Finland, founded in 1991, under the auspices of the Department of Education. It does not itself investigate research fraud, but produces guidelines for the prevention, handling and investigation of... 

The principle medical body in France established a group of experts in 1999, the Delegation a l Integrite Scientifique, to focus on both the prevention of research fraud and the sanctions to be taken against individuals or institutions, although there have been few official reports of fraud. There are detailed sequential procedures to be followed, and much use has been made of the experiences of other countries. 

---