Equipment laboratory-built

Ductless hoods are equipped with built-in fans and filter systems which trap the volatiles being removed. In this manner, the spent air can be returned to the laboratory, thereby eliminating the need for exhaust ducts. The filter system must be tailored to the types of fumes to be removed. Its use is therefore limited and... 

Electric tube furnaces of appropriate dimensions are available from various manufacturers. A model RO 4/25 by Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, FRG is suitable. However, a very satisfactory furnace can be built by any well equipped laboratory workshop at little cost and effort. The material required consists of thin walled ceramic tubing, 3.5 cm i.d., nichrome resistance wire, heat resistant insulation, and ordinary hardware material. A technical drawing will be provided by the submitters upon request. The temperature of the furnace can be adjusted by an electronic temperature controller using a thermocouple sensor. A 1.5 kW-Variac transformer and any high temperature thermometer would do as well for the budget-minded chemist. 

In his travel diary Berzelius wrote, Hatchett himself is a very agreeable man of about forty to forty-five years. His father was a rich coach-maker, and the son, although a famous chemist at the time of his father s death, has continued to carry on the business. He is in very good circumstances, and lives in Roehampton on a little estate built in a fine Italian style and excellently maintained.. . . Close by his Italian villa he has a very well-equipped laboratory, but for a long time he has not worked (30). 

Most industrial reactors and high pressure laboratory equipment are built using metal alloys. Some of these same metals have been shown to be effective catalysts for a variety of organic reactions. In an effort to establish the influence of metal surfaces on the transesterification reactions of TGs, Suppes et collected data on the catalytic activity of two metals (nickel, palladium) and two alloys (cast iron and stainless steel) for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. These authors found that the nature of the reactor s surface does play a role in reaction performance. Even though all metallic materials were tested without pretreatment, they showed substantial activity at conditions normally used to study transesterification reactions with solid catalysts. Nickel and palladium were particularly reactive, with nickel showing the highest activity. The authors concluded that academic studies on transesterification reactions must be conducted with reactor vessels where there is no metallic surface exposed. Otherwise, results about catalyst reactivity could be misleading. 

Liebig had done what all successful entrepreneurs need to do. He found a niche in the market that was important but not yet adequately filled—organic chemistry, and especially organic analysis. He acquired and invented the equipment (laboratory space and apparatus, including his five-bulb potash apparatus) necessary for the effective exploitation of this niche. He found the necessary financial backing from the state and the university, showing an impressive return on investment. He advertised skillfully, that is, he published extensively, created his own journal, and encouraged his students to publish. And he built... 

The basic design of the devices used to develop an ASE process as reported in the first study using the Dionex" ASE 200 extractor [2,3], and also in some later investigations conducted using laboratory-built systems [1,18,77], is shown in Fig. 6.4. As can be seen, the equipment required to implement ASE consists of seven basic units, namely ... 

Because of the above-stated lack of commercially available DPHSE equipment, applications of the dynamic extraction mode have all been developed using laboratory-built configurations that comprise the following basic elements ... 

Biamperometric titration of cyclamate was exploited by Fatibello-Fiho et al. [84,85]. These investigators developed an inexpensive laboratory-built selectable voltage source specially constructed for use in biamperometric titrations. It was made of very simple electronic components and its performance was tested and compared with a potentiostat/galvanostat equipment. The titrant-reagent system was sodium nitrite in 1.0 M phosphoric acid and there was no interference from glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, sorbitol, saccharin, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, fumaric acid. Sunset Yellow, and Bordeaux-S. 

The furnace and thermostatic mortar. For heating the tube packing, a small electric furnace N has been found to be more satisfactory than a row of gas burners. The type used consists of a silica tube (I s cm. in diameter and 25 cm. long) wound with nichrome wire and contained in an asbestos cylinder, the annular space being lagged the ends of the asbestos cylinder being closed by asbestos semi-circles built round the porcelain furnace tube. The furnace is controlled by a Simmerstat that has been calibrated at 680 against a bimetal pyrometer, and the furnace temperature is checked by this method from time to time. The furnace is equipped with a small steel bar attached to the asbestos and is thus mounted on an ordinary laboratory stand the Simmerstat may then be placed immediately underneath it on the baseplate of this stand, or alternatively the furnace may be built on to the top of the Simmerstat box. 

Potentiodynamic polarisation The characteristics of passive/active conditions for metals can be readily defined using this technique ". Details for laboratory application can be found in ASTM Standard G5 (latest revision). Application in plant is easily performed as portable equipment (potentiostat) is available from several manufacturers, with some models incorporating built-in computer facilities. 

The laboratory is built, work benches are in place, and utilities are hooked up. AU is now in readiness to receive the equipment and supplies to begin operation. 

In the vapor phase experiments, the photograftings are carried out in specially designed photoreactor constructed and built in our laboratory (Figure 1). The reactor is equipped with a 1 kW high pressure mercury UV lamp (HPM-15 from Philips) which can be moved to vary the distance to the substrate. The grafting takes place in an atmosphere of nitrogen in a thermostated chamber closed with a clear quartz window. Sensitizer and monomer evaporates from a solution of a volatile solvent in an open bucket which is shielded from the UV-irradiation with aluminium foil. 

When Professor Rieger first became interested in ESR, commercial instruments were not available. His introduction to the field, as a graduate student with George Fraenkel at Columbia University, took place in one of the few laboratories in the world at the time where ESR equipment had been built. Upon arriving at Brown his first item of business was to design and construct a spectrometer. The instrument was eventually retired once reliable, sensitive commercial instruments became available. Nevertheless, that first spectrometer enabled one of us (ALR) to begin a scientific collaboration that lasted the rest of Phil s life, and the other (RGL) to get his own career started at Brown. 

The major manufacturers of factory size processing equipment for the rubber industry also offer a range of equipment of a suitable size for laboratory use. Specific requirements can usually be accommodated in addition to a range of standard equipment. Many of the items will be built to specific demand from the customer. 

Low cost is one of the main advantages of the vapor pressure methods, as compared with calorimetric techniques. An apparatus to measure the vapor pressures of low boiling temperature liquids can be built easily in an undergraduate chemistry laboratory. However, the same is not quite true if we want to measure the vapor pressures of low-volatility substances, such as most solids. In these cases, Knudsen cells are usually the method of choice, but they require more expensive high-vacuum equipment [36]. 

Quadrupole mass spectrometers [10] or quadrupole ion traps are today the most widely used mass spectrometers. The physical bases were described in the early 1950s by Paul and Steinwedel. For his work Paul received the Nobel Prize in 1989 [11]. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers have become very popular instruments for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Yost et al. [12] built in 1978 the first instrument and it took four years before this type of instrument was commercialized. The coupling with liquid chromatography or gas chromatography is well established and benchtop ion traps or quadrupoles are nowadays part of the standard equipment of many analytical laboratories. 

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