Potentiostat-galvanostat

Part of the problem is the variety of solvents, electrolytes, concentrations, and electrochemical techniques (potentiostatic, galvanostatic, potential sweep, etc.) that have been employed.20 However, even when stringent efforts are made to keep all parameters and conditions constant, there are still problems with reproducibility.83... 

Potentiostat-Galvanostat, for applying fixed values of potential between the catalyst and the reference electrode or fixed value of current between the catalyst and the counter electrode. 

The experimental setup included a three-electrode electrochemical cell with a liquid contact membrane electrode in which the internal Ag/AgCl electrode acted as a working electrode connected to a potentiostat/galvanostat. The instrument was capable of switching rapidly between potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes [51]. 

The electrode potential was controlled with an EG G Princeton Applied Research (PAR) model 173 potentiostat/galvanostat and is referenced to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). A PAR model 276 current-to-voltage converter allowed monitoring of current during the ORC and SERS experiments and it also provided for positive feedback iR compensation for accurate potential control. 

Electrochemical Equipment. Electrochemical experiments were performed using either a PAR Model 175 universal programmer and a PAR Model 363 potentiostat/galvanostat, or a Pine Instruments RDE-4 bipotentiostat, coupled with a Kipp and Zonen BD 91 X-y-y recorder. The current-time response for the chronoamperometry experiments was recorded with a Nicolet 4094 digital oscilloscope. All potentials were measured vs. a Ag/10"2 M Ag+ reference electrode. 

An EG G PARC 273 Potentiostat/Galvanostat was used in both the electrolysis and the CV experiments, coupled with an HP 7044B X/Y recorder. A Solartron 1255 HF Frequency Response Analyzer and a Solartron 1286 Electrochemical Interface were employed for the a.c. impedance measurements, using frequencies from 0.1 to 65 kHz and a 10 mV a.c. amplitude (effective) at either the open circuit potential (OCP) or at various applied potentials. As the RE can introduce a time delay at high frequencies, observed as a phase shift owing to its resistance and capacitance characteristics, an additional Pt wire electrode was placed in the cell and was connected via a 6.8 pF capacitor to the RE lead [32-34]. 

Multilayer depositions may be performed using, say, an EG G Princeton Applied Research (PAR) Model 173 potentiostat/galvanostat with a PAR Model 276 interface providing computer control capability. A PC furnished with a GPIB-... 

Potentiostat/galvanostat (Hokuto Denko, HZ-3000) for cyclic voltammetry. 

EG G PAR (USA), Model 273 A, Potentiostat/Galvanostat volt-ammetric analyzer controlled by PC equipped with a data acquisition and treatment software to record the signal generated in the electrochemical cell for DPY measurements. A 25 mL glass cell at 25°C with the carbon paste biosensor, Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L-1 KC1) reference electrode, and a platinum wire as auxiliary electrode to perform the volt-ammetric measurements. 

Apparatus Cyclic voltammetry and amperometric current-time curves were obtained with a Pine Instrument Inc., Model RDE4 bipotentiostat and Kipp Zonen BD 91 XYY recorder equipped with a time base module. All measurements were performed in a conventional single-compartment cell with a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode and a Pt mesh as the auxiliary electrode at room temperature. Chronoamperometry was made with EG G Princeton Applied Research potentiostat/galvanostat Model 273 equipped with Model 270 Electrochemical Analysis Software. 

This method is one of the most used to characterize active masses. It quickly provides useful information about potential range of activity, capacity, cyclability, and kinetics. The result is a current versus potential (or versus time). Sweep voltammetry is easily conducted with commercially available potentiostat-galvanostat. Common sweep rates are in the range of 0.001-100 mV/s and common current densities from 0.01 to 10mA/cm2. Cyclic voltammetry is usually applied for estimating the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction. 

Princeton Applied Research (PAR) Potentiostat-Galvanostat, Model 173/179 was used. 

A HEKA PG284/IEC potentiostat/galvanostat was used for the double-pulse deposition. In a first pulse of high overpotential, nucleation was forced and in... 

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