Reactors and vessels

Inadvertent or uncontrolled opening of high pressure utility system resulting in vessel 

Blockage of relief device by solids deposition (polymerization, solidification). Possible loss of overpressure protection. 

Ignition of flammable atmosphere in vessel vapor space. 

Uncontrolled con-densation/absorp-tion of vapor phase component resulting in vacuum creation inside vessel. 

Excessive liquid Design vessel to accommodate maximum withdrawal rate vacuum (full vacuum rating) 

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Among the principal reasons for providing inerting on reactors and vessels is the desirability of eliminating flammable vapor-air mixtures that can be caused by ... 

Heat flow calorimeters simulate closely the operation of plant reactors. Removing the heat of reaction at the same rate as it is generated results in a constant reaction temperature. The temperature difference between the reactor and vessel jacket is a measure of the rate of heat production. 

Reactors and Vessels - Identical Process Sampling Issues... 

The process sampling situations delineated above are not principally different regarding sampling from processing reactors and vessels, etc. Figure 3.17 shows the situation regarding sampling in a typical process reactor. 

Boyle [15] and Huff [16] first accounted for two-phase flow with relief system design for runaway chemical reactions. A computer simulation approach to vent sizing involves extensive thermokinetic and thermophysical characterization of the reaction system. Fisher [17] has provided an excellent review of emergency relief system design involving runaway reactions in reactors and vessels. Fauske [18] has developed a simplified chart to the two-phase calculation. He expressed the relief area as ... 

Corrosion considerations are critical in many applications. For instance, the chemical industry uses very aggressive environments for synthesis, and purity is usually extremely important. Therefore, the reactors and vessels must be essentially inert and resist the aggressive attack of the process environment. Corrosion resistant alloys have wide usage in this industry. Microelectronics is another area in which corrosion is important even though the environment is typically not very aggressive. In this case, the size of the structures is such that the smallest amount of corrosion could cause a failure, for example, a short in a submicron-sized conductor line. Other corrosive environments and industries in which corrosion is critical include oil and gas recovery and processing, marine and seawater applications, underground... 

Pressures, temperatures, suspended solids, and their solubilities (and erosive properties) since deposition of some solids inside can reduce life of pipes. Details of feeding system for materials into process reactors and vessels. Diameters of all pipes (and velocities of flowing fluids insides), materials of construction, and their routes. 

Solution. Overpressure protection is one of the major requirements to prevent accidents from occuring in modem chemical operations. The two common devices used for overpressure protection are mpture disks and relief valves. Relief valves are usually used for process protection and rupture disks for reactor and vessel protection. 

Reactors and vessels in which fluorine is generated and reacted with hydrocarbons... 

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