Environmental restoration

While the discussion give above was more generically oriented, this will be underlined here by a practical example. 

Wegeng mentions the use of micro reactors for the cleanup of environmental contamination [1]. In particular, he refers to downwell groundwater cleanup by micro-chemical separations and conversions such as destruction of organics. 

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Hamby DM (1996) Site remediation techniques supporting environmental restoration activities—a review. Sci Tot Environ 191 203-224. 

The toxicological profiles are developed in response to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 (Public Law 99-499) which amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund). Section 211 of SARA also amended Title 10 of the U. S. Code, creating the Defense Environmental Restoration Program. Section 2704(a) of Title 10 of the U. S. Code directs the Secretary of Defense to notify the Secretary of Health and Human Services of not less than 25 of the most commonly found unregulated hazardous substances at defense facilities. Section 2704(b) of Title 10 of the U. S. Code directs the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to prepare a toxicological profile for each substance on the list provided by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (b). 

NWPA finds should be supplemented by amounts equivalent to those now devoted to environmental restoration at the sites. Nuclear utilities should request assistance from experienced corporations in setting up the new corporation for spent fuel management and carrying out this important work, and ensure that best technology is used. 

Bioremediation of sites that are contaminated with toxic metals is an important issue in environmental restoration. Bacteria have long been known for their ability to Itake up metals from their immediate environment (Borrok and Fein 2004). The efficiency of bacterial cells in concentrating metals is related to their large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface density of charge. The cell surfaces of all bacteria are negatively... 

Diekmann, J. E. and Featherman, D. W., 1988, Assessing Cost Uncertainty Lessons from Environmental Restoration Projects Journal of Construction Engineers and Management, Vol. 124, No. 6, pp. 445 451. 

Eaust RA (1994) Toxicity summary for toluene, Oak Ridge reservation environmental restoration program. Available at http //rais.oml.gov/tox/profiles/toluene f Vl.shtml Eear NT, Roman E, Reeves G, Panneft B (1998) Childhood cancer and paternal employment in agriculture The role of pesticides. Br J Cancer 77 825-829 Eemandez-Urrusuno R, Eattal E, Eeger J, Couvreur P, Therond P (1997) Evaluation of hepatic antioxidant systems after intravenous administration of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 18 511-517... 

Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. SIVE Services... 

Proof-of-concept studies, and pilot-scale and full-scale demonstrations, have been successfully completed for a variety of contaminants, and additional full-scale applications are planned. Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center is currently seeking commercial licensees for SEE. The technology is commercially available through SteamTech Environmental Services and Integrated Water Resources, Inc. 

The plasma energy recycle and conversion (PERC) process is an indirectly heated ex situ thermal recycling and conversion technology. According to the vendor, it treats hazardous waste, mixed radioactive waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, radioactive waste, environmental restoration wastes, and incinerator ash in gaseous, hquid, slurry, or solid form. The technology uses an induction-coupled plasma (ICP) torch as its heat source coupled to a reaction chamber system to destroy hazardous materials. 

The U.S. Department of Energy s Office of Technology Development has sponsored full-scale environmental restoration technology demonstrations since 1990. The Savannah River Site Integrated Demonstration focuses on the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. Several laboratories, including the Savannah River site, have demonstrated the ability of methanotrophic bacteria (i.e., those that oxidize methane) found in soil, sediment, and aqueous material, to completely degrade or mineralize chlorinated solvents. 

Sobolev, I. A., Dmitriev, S. A. et al. 1995a. Vitrification of intermediate level radioactive waste by induction heating. In Slate, S., Feizollahi, F. Creer, J. (eds) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Restoration ICEM 95, Berlin, Germany. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1, 1125-1127. 

Faust, R.A., Toxicity Summary for Copper, Oak Ridge Reservation Environmental Restoration... 

Kingsley, M. T., Fredrickson, J. K., Metting, F. B. Seidler, R. J. (1994). Environmental restoration using plant-microbe bioaugmentation. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, ed. R. E. Hinchee et al., pp. 287-92. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

The Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) manages the DOE environmental programs. Remedial action at sites throughout the DOE complex involves treatment, disposal, and in some cases transfer to the Waste Management Program of various types of waste. These types of waste are categorized as ... 

The Department of Defense actively participates in technology innovations to meet its environmental restoration needs more effectively and efficiently. The following are examples of innovative technology applications at DOD sites ... 

Nordstrom, D.K. and Alpers, C.N. (1999) Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(7), 3455-62. 

US Department of Energy (US DOE) (1999) Decision-Making Framework Guide for the Evaluation and Selection of Monitored Natural Attenuation Remedies at Department of Energy Sites, Office of Environmental Restoration, p. 19. 

Sites contaminated by POPs The Methods for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Abandoned Hazardous Chemicals promulgated and implemented in 2005 states that if hazardous chemical production, stockpiling, and consuming units want to change the line of production, stop production, close off, or dissolve, they should report the environmental restoration program to the environmental protection department above the county level. Upon obtaining the approval of the department, the contaminated sites shall be restored within a stipulated time period. 

Repetto, G., del Peso, A. and Repetto, M. (2000) Alternative ecotoxicological methods for the evaluation, control and monitoring of environmental pollutants, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration 3 (1), 47-51. 

Richardson SM, Weston RF. 1992. White phosphorus contamination of wetlands Effects and options for restoration. In Proceedings of the Federal Environmental Restoration 92,... 

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