Concept of the Study

The thesis follows the traditional structure of analysis analysis of existence of lead markets, analysis of contingency of lead markets and analysis of efficiency of lead markets. The hypothesis of existence is that there are lead markets for a broad range of innovations. The hypothesis of contingency is that several systematic nation-specific demand and market conditions can be identified that facilitate the international diffusion of innovation designs domestically preferred. These are combined in five lead market factors. The hypothesis of efficiency is that multinational firms can promote the global success of their innovations in concentrating the innovation development activities in the respective lead markets. 

The first chapter explains the motivation, the main problem and the aim of this study. It sets the demand advantage of nations within Porter s diamond of national competitive advantages as the point of departure. A detailed and extended definition of lead markets is given and compared with varying definitions given in lit- 

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We will begin by a brief review of the concept of the X-ray fluorescence analytical method widely used in the petroleum industry for studying the whole range of products and for analyzing catalysts as well. 

Sohmidt R, Lutz FI O and Dreizier R (eds) 1992 Nuclear Physics Concepts in the Study of Atomic Cluster Physics (Berlin Springer)... 

Evidence exists that some of the softest normal modes can be associated with experimentally determined functional motions, and most studies apply normal mode analysis to this purpose. Owing to the veracity of the concept of the normal mode important subspace, normal mode analysis can be used in structural refinement methods to gain dynamic information that is beyond the capability of conventional refinement techniques. 

Horie and his coworkers [90K01] have developed a simplified mathematical model that is useful for study of the heterogeneous nature of powder mixtures. The model considers a heterogeneous mixture of voids, inert species, and reactant species in pressure equilibrium, but not in thermal equilibrium. The concept of the Horie VIR model is shown in Fig. 6.3. As shown in the figure, the temperatures in the inert and reactive species are permitted to be different and heat flow can occur from the reactive (usually hot) species to the inert species. When chemical reaction occurs the inert species acts to ther-... 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

From the 1960s onward, there was a greater interest in psychological issues, dominated by the concept of the human as a single-channel processor of information. This stimulated research into a number of areas. Studies of mental workload were concerned with the ability of humans to cope with extremely high levels of information in situations such as air traffic control. Vigilance studies, which focused on the human s role in situations with very low levels of stimulation such as radar monitoring, represented the other extreme of human performance that was considered. 

Much of the study of kinetics constitutes a study of catalysis. The first goal is the determination of the rate equation, and examples have been given in Chapters 2 and 3, particularly Section 3.3, Model Building. The subsection following this one describes the dependence of rates on pH, and most of this dependence can be ascribed to acid—base catalysis. Here we treat a very simple but widely applicable method for the detection and measurement of general acid-base or nucleophilic catalysis. We consider aqueous solutions where the pH and p/f concepts are well understood, but similar methods can be applied in nonaqueous media. 

The concept of the fuel cell, that is, a cell in which inert electrodes immersed in an electrolyte could he intimately contacted with a reacting fuel (e.g., hydrogen) and oxidant (e.g., air) and so generate an electric current, was demonstrated in 1839 by Grove and intensively studied by him during the next decade. 

In Section 1.4 it was assumed that the rate equation for the h.e.r. involved a parameter, namely the transfer coefficient a, which was taken as approximately 0-5. However, in the previous consideration of the rate of a simple one-step electron-transfer process the concept of the symmetry factor /3 was introduced, and was used in place of a, and it was assumed that the energy barrier was almost symmetrical and that /3 0-5. Since this may lead to some confusion, an attempt will be made to clarify the situation, although an adequate treatment of this complex aspect of electrode kinetics is clearly impossible in a book of this nature and the reader is recommended to study the comprehensive work by Bockris and Reddy. ... 

In studying two-component polymerization catalysts, beginning with Feldman and Perry (161), a radioactive label was introduced into the growing polymer chain by quenching the polymerization with tritiated alcohols. The use of these quenching agents is based on the concept of the anionic coordination mechanism of olefin polymerization occurring... 

The study of catalytic polymerization of olefins performed up to the present time is certain to hold a particular influence over the progress of the concepts of the coordination mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis. With such an approach the elementary acts of catalytic reaction are considered to proceed in the coordination sphere of one ion of the transition element and, to a first approximation, the collective features of solids are not taken into account. It is not surprising that polymerization by Ziegler-Natta catalysts is often considered together with the processes of homogeneous catalysis. 

The concept of the controlled chemical fireball is said to have significantly advanced the potential effectiveness of incendiary weapons. Theoretical studies have indicated that a great many applications may be possible, since, by changing the blend of the chemical constituents so as to achieve predetermined rates of combustion, the incendiary agent may be adapted to various operational requirements... 

Studies on muscle contraction carried out between 1930 and 1960 heralded the modem era of research on cytoskeletal stmctures. Actin and myosin were identified as the major contractile proteins of muscle, and detailed electron microscopic studies on sarcomeres by H.E. Huxley and associates in the 1950s produced the concept of the sliding filament model, which remains the keystone to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for cytoskeletal motility. 

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