Embryonic liver cells

The first batch of cells consisted of AC 133+ cells cultivated in the diffusion chambers submerged on top of the feeder (feeder -AC 133 cells /Fl-C). The second batch consisted of human embryonic liver cell suspension directly cocultured with AC133+ cells at equal initial quantities (5x10 ) in the diffusion chambers submerged in the 6-well plates without additional feeder layer (FC-C). Third batch of experiments represented AC133+ cells cultured in the DC surrounded by FL condition media (condition media-AC133+ cells/CM-C). In the control group cells were cultivated in the same condition without any additions and without feeder layers. 

The Lavik group functionalized PEG scaffolds with PLL to add sites for cell adhesion (a limit of this type of polymers), and the neural stem cells seeded inside these scaffolds survived and were able to differentiate into mature phenotypes. Finally, PEG scaffolds have also been investigated in combination with human MSCs for adipose tissue engineering and with mouse embryonic liver cells to generate hepatoc5des for liver tissue engineering, showing the versatility of such scaffolds. 

In mice and rats hematopoiesis occurs in the liver during embryonic development. Besides spleen and bone marrow cell suspensions from adult animals, embryonic liver cell suspensions have been used to test substances which stimulate hematopoiesis. The cells are seeded on soft (0.3%) agar and supplemented with inactivated serum, amino acids, and vitamins for the in vitro culture (Pluznik and Sachs, 1965). Two groups of investigators have purified substances which stimulate the formation of colonies of granulocytes (leukocytes with segmented nuclei) and a cell type which has been called macrophages (or monocytes). 

Pisdoneri A, Campana C, Salerno S, MoreUi S, Bader A, Giordano F, Drioli E, De Bartolo L (2010), Biodegradable and synthetic membranes for the expansion and functional differentiation of rat embryonic liver cells , AcZa Biomater., 7,171-179. 

Recently, in experiments involving a tissue culture system for analysis of immune competence, Umiel et al. (1967) have been able to test embryonic liver cells in direct fashion. Using the in vitro assay of graft-versus-host competence (Auerbach and Globerson, 1966), Umiel et al. tested the capacity of parental liver cells to induce splenomegaly in explants of neonatal Fi spleen fragments. Embryonic liver cells did not possess such capacity, either when taken from embryos, or when cultured alone for several days. On the other hand, when embryonic liver was cultured in combination with thymus for 3 days, the liver cells acquired immunological competence as tested in this assay system. These results provide direct confirmation for the in vivo studies of Tyan (1964 cf. also Tyan et al., 1967). 

Quercetin has been found to inhibit P-gp-mediated efflux of ritonavir in Caco-2 cells (47), to reduce the oxidation of acetaminophen in rat liver microsomes and HepG2 cells (48), and to inhibit the metabolism of midazolam and quinidine in human liver microsomes (49). It did not have an effect on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-gp-mediated transport of saquinavir (41). Rutin was demonstrated to moderately increase the uptake of idar-ubicin in an isolated perfused rat lung model, and also the outflow recovery of the major metabolite idarubicinol, possibly by affecting P-gp (45). Nobe-litin and tangeretin were shown to inhibit OATP-B-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate into human embryonic kidney cells (23). 

Several sources have reported using stem cells including embryonic stem cells, adult liver progenitors, and transdifferentiated nonhepatic cells in cell-based thera-pies. Hepatocyte lineage in vitro has been reported in murine embryonic stem cells." It is apparent that hematopoietic stem cells can generate hepatocytes directly. This has been shown in rodent models and confirmed in humans by a study of recipients of bone marrow and liver transplants. ... 

Laursen, J.R. and Yoshino, T.P. (1999) Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line supports in vitro miracidial transformation and early larval development of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna. Parasitology 1 1 8, 1 87-1 94. 

Hay, D. C., Zhao, D., Fletcher, J., Hewitt, Z. A., McLean, D., Urruticoechea-Uriguen, A., et al. (2008) Efficient differentiation of hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells exhibiting markers recapitulating liver development in vivo. Stem Cells 26, 894-902. 

Targeted delivery has also been used to investigate the structure of carbohydrates needed to obtain discrimination of cellular uptake between liver and tumor cells [184], A study was performed by doubly modifying BSA with both a fluorophore (via Lys isothiocyanate derivatization) and different fucose derivatives (via Tyr diazotization). Similar studies have used EDC-mediated coupling to also attach therapeutic agents for delivery to human embryonal carcinoma cells [185]. 

Soto-Gutierrez A. 2007. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells by co-culture with human liver nonparenchymal cell lines. Nat. Protoc. 2, 347-356. 

The metabolic pathways leading to the production of these urinary pyridinium metabolites are likely to be mediated by one or more forms of liver cytochrome P450. In vitro metabolic studies with rodent (Igarashi et al., unpublished results) and human (Usuki et al., submitted) microsomal preparations have demonstrated the NADPH-dependent oxidation of both HP and HPTP to HPP. Ongoing studies in the authors laboratory have shown that HPP and related pyridinium metabolites are present in brain tissues obtained from C57 black mice that had been treated with HPTP (Van der Schyf et al. 1994). Additionally, results obtained from intra-cerebral microdialysis, mitochondrial respiration, and rat embryonic mesencephalic cell culture studies suggest that HPP possesses MPP type neurotoxic properties (Rollema et al. 1992, 1994 Bloomquist et al. 1994). 

Williamson R (1970) Properties of rapidly labelled deoxyribonucleic acid fragments isolated from the cytoplasm of primary cultures of embryonic mouse liver cells. J Mol Biol 51 157-168... 

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