Deoxyribonucleic acid labeling

Nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) probes utilize labeled, ie, radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent, fragments of DNA or RNA (the probe) to detect complimentary DNA or RNA sequences in a sample. Because the probe is tailored for one specific nucleic acid, these assays are highly specific and very sensitive (45). 

Rigby, P.W.J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C., and Berg, P. (1977) Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I./. Mol. Biol. 113, 237-251. 

IGSS labeling has found more recent application in the fields of electron microscopy and deoxyribonucleic acid microarray technology (see Notes 12 and 13). 

The results of incorporation experiments using tritiated thymidine lend support to the hypothesis that thymidine rhamnosyl pyrophosphate in Lactobacillus acidophilus is an intermediate on the pathway to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. When cells were grown in a medium containing tritiated thymidine, labeled thymidine rhamnosyl pyrophosphate constituted two-thirds of the total label in the acid-soluble fraction. When these cells were transferred to a medium containing 2-deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxy-guanosine, and 2-deoxycytidine as the nucleosides, 99 % of the label initially present was transferred to deoxyribonucleic acid after incubation for 50 minutes. Therefore, almost complete incorporation (into deoxyribonucleic acids) of the isotope from tritiated th3anidine had occurred. 

Williamson R (1970) Properties of rapidly labelled deoxyribonucleic acid fragments isolated from the cytoplasm of primary cultures of embryonic mouse liver cells. J Mol Biol 51 157-168... 

Upreti et al. (1987) studied the mechanism of toxicity of formaldehyde in male rats by intraperitoneal injection of " C-labeled HCHO. In 72 hours 41% of the dose was eliminated through expired air and another 15% in urine. A significant level of radioactivity was detected bound to subcellular microsomal fractions, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, lipid fractions of liver, and spleen tissues. The study indicates that formaldehyde undergoes rapid absorption and distribution in the body. 

Silver, R.P. and Ealkow, S. (1970) Specific labeling and physical characterization of R-factor deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coll J. Bacteriol, 104, 331-339. 

Equilibrium sedimentation studies are mostly used to investigate density differences in different macromolecules. The method has been used, for example, in research on the replication of N-labeled deoxyribonucleic acids. Theoretically, it is also suitable for distinguishing between polymer blends and true copolymers. In such studies, problems usually arise from the considerable back-diffusion and the wide molar mass distribution. The gradient curves are so strongly influenced by these two effects that there is considerable overlap in the curves for substances of differing densities. 

The benefits of modifying EIS structures with LbL films to achieve biosensors with improved performance was also reported by Abouzar et al., who observed an amplification of the signal response upon alternating layers of polyelectrolytes and enzymes as gate membranes on the p-Si-Si02 EIS structure [99]. A new variant of EIS sensors has been produced, which comprised an array of individually addressable nanoplate field-effect capacitive biochemical sensors with an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) stmcture to determine pH and detect penicillin. It also allows for the label-free electrical monitoring of formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-hybridization event [100]. 

Pournaghi-Azar, M.H., Hejazi, M.S. and Alipour, E. (2006) Developing an electrochemical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensor on the basis of human interleukine-2 gene using an electroactive label. AnaZ. Chim. Acta, 570 (2), 144-150. 

Labelle, J. L. Briere, N. Staining of nuclear basic proteins without deoxyribonucleic acid hydrolysis, using heparin and alcian blue. Acta Histochem. 1971, 41, 338-348. 

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