Carbohydrate need for

It is especially prominent in plants that store large amounts of fat in their seeds (oil seeds). In the germinating oil seed the glyoxylate cycle allows fat to be converted rapidly to sucrose, cellulose, and other carbohydrates needed for growth. 

The uniformity in this biochemistry is in sharp contrast with the degrees of freedom one has in choosing the microbes, the acid-neutralizing agent, nutrients, and carbohydrates needed for industrial lactic acid fermentation. Only delicate weighing of the pros and cons of every possibility leads to an economically feasible fermentation. 

Spray dryers may lose dried egg products out of the stack. Cyclone-type coUectors, usually used as the secondary coUector, are not properly designed to coUect products efficiently. A weU-designed cyclone coUector recovers only 85—90% of spray-dried egg white, with 10—15% lost out of the stack, and 94—95% of egg products co-dried with carbohydrates. Bag-type coUectors are needed for 100% recovery of both these products. Plain whole egg and plain egg yolk products are capable of being coUected almost 100% with a cyclone coUector, but a bag coUector is advised (see Airpollution control methods). 

There had long been a need in carbohydrate chemistry for an oxidant which would enable the conversion of partially protected sugars, and particularly partially protected glycosides, into mono-oxo derivatives in good yield and under mild conditions. It is not surprising that in recent years this problem has been studied fairly extensively and several... 

Matrix Components The term matrix component refers to the constituents in the material aside from those being determined, which are denoted as analyte. Clearly, what is a matrix component to one analyst may be an analyte to another. Thus, in one hand for the case of analyses for elemental content, components such as dietary fibre, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate are classified as matrix components and are used to define the nature of the material. On the other hand, reference values are required to monitor the quality of determinations of these nutritionally significant matrix components. Hence, there is a challenging immediate need for certified values for dietary fibre, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Concomitantly, these values must be accompanied by scientifically sound definitions (e.g. total soluble dietary fibre, total sulpha-ted ash, total unsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, individual lipids, simple sugars, and complex carbohydrates). 

Synthetic efficiency. In many organic syntheses, it may be possible to eliminate the need for the protection and deprotection of functional groups, and save many synthetic steps. Water-soluble substrates can be used directly. This will be especially useful in carbohydrate and protein chemistry. 

The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen is the basis for the chemistry of life as we know it. This process produces the oxygen needed for respiration,... 

Weizmann A process for producing acetone and //-butanol by the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria isolated from soil or cereals. Later work has shown that effective bacteria are Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus granulobacter pectinorum. Used in Britain in World War I for the manufacture of acetone, needed for the production of cordite. Subsequently operated by Commercial Solvents Corporation in Terre Haute, IN, and in two plants in Canada. Later abandoned in favor of synthetic processes. Invented by C. Weizmann in the University of Manchester in 1915, based on earlier work at the Pastern Institute by A. Fembach and E. H. Strange (hence the alternative name Fembach-Strange-Weizmann). The money that Weizmann obtained from royalties on this process was used in founding the State of Israel, of which he was the first president. 

An attractive feature of this dehydrative coupling approach is that it avoids the need for isolation of intermediate glycosyl donors. This can be desirable if a glycosyl donor is not stable to isolation or purification. Moreover, the use of a hemiacetal donor reduces the number of synthetic manipulations of the carbohydrate donor by avoiding hemiacetal derivatization to alternative donor types. In this way, the approach has the potential to streamline time and labor-intensive multiglycosylation sequences. Although there increasingly have been reports of these direct dehydrative... 

Methylation analysis (and its different applications) is one of the most widely used methods in the structural characterization of carbohydrate chains (reviewed in refs, 5-8). In the present article, the progress achieved, and the problems encountered, in the analysis of animal glycolipids and glycoproteins are discussed, although many of the topics also concern the analysis of carbohydrate chains in general. Emphasis is laid on the efforts made to find ways to lessen the amounts of sample needed for the analysis, because only small amounts of glycan samples isolated from biological sources are often available. 

The carbohydrate structure can, in principle, be unambiguously determined by use of enzymic hydrolysis. However, the method is quite laborious, and usually requires large amounts of sample. It should also be noted that, unless the samples are purified after each step, the amount of the carbanion needed for the methylation tends to become increased, and must, therefore, be assessed by means of the triphenyl-methane test in order to avoid undermethylation (see Section I). Blanks containing the enzyme used must also be analyzed in order to... 

Sweetness free, or at least virtually free, from calories establishes the need for intense sweeteners while suitability for diabetics, absence of carcinogenicity with functionality similar to sucrose and related carbohydrates form the basis for application of bulk sweeteners. 

The design of fluorescent sensors is of major importance because of the high demand in analytical chemistry, clinical biochemistry, medicine, the environment, etc. Numerous chemical and biochemical analytes can be detected by fluorescence methods cations (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Cd2+, etc.), anions (halide ions, citrates, carboxylates, phosphates, ATP, etc.), neutral molecules (sugars, e.g. glucose, etc.) and gases (O2, CO2, NO, etc.). There is already a wide choice of fluorescent molecular sensors for particular applications and many of them are commercially available. However, there is still a need for sensors with improved selectivity and minimum perturbation of the microenvironment to be probed. Moreover, there is the potential for progress in the development of fluorescent sensors for biochemical analytes (amino acids, coenzymes, carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleotides, etc.). 

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