Larval development

The negative effects of TBT have been observed in the bivalve larval development of Crassostrea gigas, Mylilus edulisf Venus gallina, Spams aurata, in Nassarius reticulate and in the hermaphroditic snails Phisa fontinalis and Adelomelon brasiliana Since TBT exerts a variety of toxic actions on some mollusks and fishes , an adverse effect of TBT on human health is a real threat. ... 

Hansen A., Reiss J.O., Gentry C.L. and Burd G. (1998). Ultrastructure of the olfactory organ in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis during larval development and metamorphosis. J Comp Neurol 398, 273-288. 

Armour, J. and Duncan, M. (1987) Arrested larval development in cattle nematodes. Parasitology Today 3, 171-176. 

Peters, K., McDowall, J. and Rose, A.M. (1991) Mutations in the bli-4 (I) locus of Caenorhabditis ekgans disrupt both adult cuticle and early larval development. Genetics 129, 95-102. 

Fuhrman, J.A. (1995a) Filariasis the role of chitinase in larval development and transmission. In Komuniecki, R. (ed.) Molecular Approaches to Parasitology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 77-87. 

Neanthes arenaceodentata is the most sensitive marine organism yet tested. In worms exposed to sublethal concentrations of CC6, feeding was disrupted after 14 days at 79 pg/L (USEPA 1980), reproduction ceased after 440 days (three generations) at 100 pg/L (Oshida et al. 1981), brood size was reduced after 309 to 440 days at 12.5 to 16.0 pg/L (Oshida et al. 1981 Oshida and Word 1982), and abnormalities in larval development increased after 5 months at 25 pg/L (Reish 1977). On the other hand, exposure for 293 days (two generations) in 50,400 pg Cr+3/L caused no adverse effects on survival, maturation time required for spawning, or brood size (Oshida et al. 1981). The poly-chaete Capitella capitata was more resistant than Neanthes, a decrease in brood size was noted only after exposure for 5 months to 50 and 100 pg Cr+6/L (USEPA 1980). 

Sayer, M.D.J., J.P. Reader, and R. Morris. 1991. Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. exposure to trace metal mixtures in soft water. Jour. Fish Biol. 38 773-787. 

Embryos field populations vs. laboratory-raised populations FISH 97 vs. 107 50% inhibition of larval development in 96 h 87... 

Conrad, G.W. 1988. Heavy metal effects on cellular shape changes, cleavage, and larval development of the marine gastropod mollusk, (Ilyanassa obsoleta Say). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41 79-85. 

McKenney, C.L., Jr. and D.B. Hamaker. 1984. Effects of fenvalerate on larval development of Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) and on larval metabolism during osmotic stress. Aquat. Toxicol. 5 343-355. 

Silkworm, Bombyx morr, eggs, acute single exposure of 2, 5, or 10 Gy At 2 Gy, an average increase of 23% in larval mass, cocoon shell weight, and silk production no stimulatory effect at 5 Gy at 10 Gy, larval development inhibited 2... 

Previous studies have found that cyanotoxic compounds may accumulate in sym-patric plants as well as in the tissues of herbivorous fish and invertebrates (reviewed in Zurawell et al. 2005). The accumulation of cyanotoxins at these trophic levels provides a direct path to both aquatic and, potentially, terrestrial consumers (Negri and Jones 1995 Kotak et al. 1996 Giovannardi et al. 1999). However, these compounds are rarely encountered in higher trophic levels in freshwater systems (Kotak et al. 1996 Zurawell et al. 2005). Nevertheless, attempts to minimize cyanotoxins in water bodies for recreational use should remain a major focus of environmental and public health managers, especially in light of the evidence that low doses may still have sublethal effects on the larval development of aquatic vertebrates (Oberemm et al. 1999). 

Laughlin, R.B., Neff. J.M., Hrung, Y.C., Goodwin, T.C., and Gian, C.S. The effects of three phthalates esters on the larval development of the grass shrimp Palaemonetespuglo (Holthius), Water, Air, SoilPoUut, 9(3) 323-336,1978. 

The end products of tryptophan metabolism in the stick insect, Carausius morosus, are the ommochromes ommin and xanthommatin (58) in the epidermis, and kynurenic acid (53) in the feces. During larval development of this insect kynurenic acid (53) is the major end product of tryptophan metabolism (Table V) (109,110). Additionally, this insect contains five pteridines (Table VI), of which leucopterin (68), xanthopterin (65), and isoxanthopterin (67) are the origin of the yellow-white color of the insect (111). 

TABLE 4.3 Effects of Various Statins on Ootheca and Larval Development in German Cockroach... 

Kashenko, S.D. (1994). Larval development of the heart mchin Echinocardium cordatum different microalgae. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 20, 385-389. 

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