Electric plant, basics

The LWR is separated from the chemical plant by an intermediate circuit to minimize the risk of a radioactivity escape into the process gas circuit. A further advantage will be the accumulation of steam generated by cheap off-peak electricity. The basic technology... 

The large amount of energy needed for converting water from a liquid to a gas, as by the series of processes shown in Figure 9.8, is exploited in converting chemical energy into electricity. The basic features of a fossil fuel-powered electricity plant are shown schematically in Figure 9.9. 

Basics of Nuclear Power Costs for Electric Plants.868... 

The construction of a nuclear power station is similar in most respects to that of a station of more conventional type and consists of the various phases of site preparation, basic civil works followed by building steelwork, mechanical and electrical plant installation culminating in plant items and then system testing before final commissioning of the station. Major differences in organization of this work have occurred because of the decision... 

Classical Feedback Control. The majority of controllers ia a continuous process plant is of the linear feedback controller type. These controllers utilize one or more of three basic modes of control proportional (P), iategral (I), and derivative (D) action (1,2,6,7). In the days of pneumatic or electrical analogue controllers, these modes were implemented ia the controller by hardware devices. These controllers implemented all or parts of the foUowiag control algorithm ... 

Measurements and Audits. The enabling element of continuous improvement is measurement. An old rule of thumb says that increased accuracy in measuring an energy use ultimately yields a reduction in use equal to 10% of the increased closure of the balance. A basic principle of economics is that any thing that is free is used in excess, ie, an unmetered electrical use is bigger than expected by at least 10%. Metering of the cost elements at each unit in a chemical plant provides effective accountabhity. Measurements should be linked via computer software to production as weh as to weather to result in maximum feedback. 

There are four basic types of incinerators used in wastewater treatment plants. They are the multiple hearth incinerator, the fluid bed incinerator, the electric furnace, and the cyclonic furnace. Each system has it s own distinct method of incineration and while one may be more cost efficient, another may have more of an environmental impact. 

Now let us consider utility failure as a cause of overpressure. Failure of the utility supphes (e.g., electric power, cooling water, steam, instrument air or instrument power, or fuel) to refinery plant facihties wiU in many instances result in emergency conditions with potential for overpressuring equipment. Although utility supply systems are designed for reliability by the appropriate selection of multiple generation and distribution systems, spare equipment, backup systems, etc., the possibility of failure still remains. Possible failure mechanisms of each utility must, therefore, be examined and evaluated to determine the associated requirements for overpressure protection. The basic rules for these considerations are as follows ... 

A brief and simplified description of how electricity price may be determined is given in Appendix B, giving some comparisons between different basic plants. We also describe there how the economics of a new plant may be affected by the imposition of an extra carbon tax associated with the amount of carbon dioxide produced. 

Chiesa and Consonni [1 gave another detailed analysis for this plant in comparison with Cycle A1. They found that the efficiency dropped by 5% from that of the basic CCGT plant this is. somewhat surprising as the ab.sorption plant is smaller than that for Cycle A1 and it might have been expected that the penalty on efficiency of intrcxlucing the absorption plant would have been much less than that of Cycle Al. With this calculated efficiency and a detailed estimate of capital cost, the price of electricity was virtually the same as that of Cycle Al, i.e. 40% greater than that of the basic CCGT plant. 

After allowing for the performance penalties arising from the CO2 removal, Lozza and Chiesa estimated an efficiency of 46.1%, for a maximum gas turbine temperature of 1641 K and a pressure ratio of 15 (compared with the basic CCGT plant efficiency of 56.1%). They concluded that the plant cannot compete, in terms of electricity price, with a semi-closed combined cycle with CO2 removal (Cycle A2). 

The component failure rate data used as input to the fault tree model came from four basic sources plant records from Peach Bottom (a plant of similar design to Limerick), actual nuclear plant operating experience data as reported in LERs (to produce demand failure rates evaluated for pumps, diesels, and valves), General Electric BWR operating experience data on a wide variety of components (e.g., safety relief SRV valves, level sensors containment pressure sensors), and WASH-1400 assessed median values. 

The electrical engineer likewise takes basic process and plant layout requirements and translates them into details for the entire electrical performance of the plant. This will include the electrical requirements of the instrumentation in many cases, but if not, they must be coordinated. 

Electric motors are the most common drivers for the m ority of pumps, compressors, agitators, and similar equipment in the process industries. Process engineers should obtain the assistance of a qualified electrical engineer before completing motor specifications ior the wide variety of equipment applications and respective power sources. The use of standard specifications for the various types and classes of motors is helpful and reduces repetitious details. Be certain that the type of motor is properly matched to the service, atmosphere, load characteristics, and available type and power factor of the electrical energy to drive the motor. Some basic guides are summarized, but they cannot be used as all-inclusive rules to fit all plant or equipment condi-... 

This chapter aims to convey the basic technical principles involved in electricity generation for industrial and commercial applications, with supporting technical data giving examples of the performance and efficiency of various schemes. A general guide is provided on the factors which have a major bearing on choice of an electricitygenerating scheme with further details of the plant, its layout and descriptions of actual installations. 

Diesels, gas turbines and steam turbines are the more commonly used prime movers for the generation of electrical power. Additionally, the steam turbine can be employed in combination with either the diesel or gas turbine for combined cycle operation. The following describes the basic operation of each of these prime movers in relation to its associated power-generating scheme and reviews the more significant factors affecting performance and efficiency. Further information on the actual plant and installation is given later in Section 15.6. 

In order to operate the prime movers described in the previous sections it is necessary to provide auxiliary equipment for the start-up, steady operation and shutdown of the basic equipment as well as for monitoring and controlling its performance. The need also arises for the maintenance of the plant that invokes the provision of cranage and lay-down areas in the engine room. The following describes these features for the various types of prime movers. The driven machines (i.e. the electrical generators) are also reviewed in detail so that the complete picture of industrial generating stations can be obtained. 

This chapter introduces the basic items of design and specification for the principal systems and components of an electrical industrial installation. Electrical supply systems are discussed with regard to interface with the supply authorities and the characteristics. Salient features of switchgear, transformers, protection systems, power factor correction, motor control equipment and standby supplies are identified and discussed together with reference to the relevant codes of practice and standards. The equipment and systems described are appropriate to industrial plant installations operating at typically 11 kV with supply capacities of around 20MVA. 

The produced fluids and gases are typically directed into separation vessels. Under the influence of gravity, pressure, heat, retention times, and sometimes electrical fields, separation of the various phases of gas, oil, and water occurs so that they can be drawn off in separate streams. Suspended solids such as sediment and salt will also be removed. Deadly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is sometimes also encountered, which is extracted simultaneously with the petroleum production. Crude oil containing H2S can be shipped by pipeline and used as a refinery feed but it is undesirable for tanker or long pipeline transport. The normal commercial concentration of impurities in crude oil sales is usually less than 0.5% BS W (Basic Sediment and Water) and 10 Ptb (Pounds of salt per 1,000 barrels of oil). The produced liquids and gases are then transported to a gas plant or refinery by truck, railroad tank car, ship, or pipeline. Large oil field areas normally have direct outlets to major, common-carrier pipelines. 

Dams are individually unique stractures and dam constraction represents the largest stmctures of basic infrastructure in all nations. The construction of a dam and power plant, along with the impounding of a reservoir, creates certain social and physical changes. The total installed capacity of HP is 640 000 MW (26% of the theoretical potential), generating an estimated 2380 TWh/year in the world, producing nearly 20% of the total global supply of electricity. 

---