Plant efficiency

Gas turbine-based power plants, particularly natural gas-fired cogeneration and combined-cycle faciUties, have proven to be highly rehable, efficient, and environmentally attractive. Advances in machine design, more efficient plant integration, and optimistic forecasts for the availabiUty of affordable natural gas worldwide have boosted the appeal of these systems for both base-load and peaking service. 

Good management practice will hold inventories at the lowest possible levels consistent with customer satisfaction and efficient plant operation. Excessive inventories are unproductive and are an investment having httle or no rate of return. Excessive inventories should be maintained only when supphes are erratic or rising in price. Management should normally aim for a high inventoiy-turnover ratio, as given by ... 

A secondary benefit is that efficiency gains in fossil fuel generation also reduce all types of harmful emissions, even carbon dioxide—the greenhouse gas suspected by many as a major culprit of climate change. A 45 percent efficient plant releases approximately 40 percent less COn per megawatt-hours of electricity produced than a 25 percent efficient plant that it might be replacing. 

Abdullah, R., Cocking, E.C. Thompson, J.A. (1986). Efficient plant regeneration from rice protoplasts through somatic embryogenesis. Biol Technology, 4, 1087-90. 

Cakmak, N. Sari, H, Marschner, and H. Ekiz, Phytosiderophore relea.se in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. Plant Soil ISO 183 (1996). 

Floyd E. Anderson, Pressure Relieving Devices, in Safe and Efficient Plant Operations and Maintenance, Richard Greene, ed. (New York McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. 207. 

The most serious current problems where knowledge of solution compositions are required are of three main types boiler integrity, turbine integrity and out-of-core radioactivity. The financial costs of the first two problems arise mainly when failures in modern, efficient plant require their replacement by plant which is considerably more expensive to run. The third problem manifests itself in the need to share any extensive maintenance work in highly radioactive areas among hundreds of men so that none exceeds his permitted radiation dose. 

Drake, B.G.,Gonzalez-Meier,M. A., Long, S.P. (1997). More efficient plants A consequence of rising atmospheric CO2. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 48,601-(31. 

Monje, O., Bugbee,B- (1998). Adaptation to high CO2 concentration in an optimal environment Radiation capture, canopy quantum yield and carbon use efficiency. Plant Cell Environ., 21, 315-324. 

The Mean particle size (MPS) of coal is an important factor for the COREX Process because a decrease in the MPS reduces the permeability of the char bed resulting in gas channelling, which drops the hot metal temperature and quality. To maintain consistency, the MPS of the coal should be maintained within 20-30 mm, which is a very important factor for efficient plant operation. The COREX technology coal should be sized at +16 mm with a top size as high as 70-80 mm. Fines coal (—16.0 mm) included with the sized coal is separated at the COREX steel mill and used for either... 

Heterogeneous reactions lend themselves to continuous flow reactors, which are desirable as they minimise the reacting volume. This reduces operation risks, and allows smaller, more efficient plants to be built. Flow reactors designed for fluorous reactions with both liquid and gaseous substrates have been demonstrated to be effective, at least on a bench scale [49]. Fluorous solvents have also recently found applications as liquid membranes to control the rate of addition of reagents and so control exothermic reactions such as alkene bromination (Fig. 6), and demethylation of anisoles by reaction with boron tribromide [50], This has potential as a clean route as the kinetic control gives improved selectivity. 

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