Basic Operation

Six basic operations are reviewed in this section. Details follow. 

Enzyme and microbial kinetics involve the study of reaction rates and the variables that affect these rates. It is a topic, that is critical for the analysis of enzyme and microbial reacting systems. The rate of a biochemical reaction can be described in many different ways. The most commonly used definition is similar to that employed for traditional reactors. It involves the time change in the amount of one of the components participating in the reaction or of one of the products of the reaction this rate is also based on some arbitrary factor related to the system size or geometry, such as volume, mass or interfacial area. In the case of immobilized enzyme catalyzed reactions, it is common to express the rate per unit mass or per unit volume of the catalyst. 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 19.5 For an enzyme catalyzed reaction, calculate the time required to achieve a given conversion for a reactor operating at ambient temperature for a microbial reaction, calculate the time required to double the concentration of cells discuss the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the rate equation for growth of cells. Pertinent information is provided below. 

Maximum reaction rate = 0.1 moles/L min Michaelis constant = 0.035 M Initial substrate concentration = 0.001 M Microbial specific growth reaction rate = 0.1 (h)  

Solution. The Michaelis-Menten rate equation is as follows  

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The basic operation principles of the AEBIL system can be translated into a sequence of elementary processing steps and summarized as follows (fjg. 1). 

As for the other volumes in this series, examples of synthetic procedures have been given. These have been chosen to indicate the basic operations involved... 

The flame can become unstable if too large an amount of sample is introduced or if the sample contains substances that can interfere with the basic operation of the plasma. For example, water vapor, air, and hydrogen all lead to instability of the plasma flame if their concentrations are too high. 

This supertwisted nematic display utilizes a twist of the Hquid crystal director of 270° within the ceU rather than 90° (45). The basic operation of the ceU is unchanged ia that the effect of the analyzer on light which has been rotated by 270° is the same as for 90° rotation. 

Flow Sheets. AH minerals processing operations function on the basis of a flow sheet depicting the flow of soHds and Hquids in the entire plant (6,13,14). The complexity of a flow sheet depends on the nature of the ore treated and the specifications for the final product. The basic operations in a flow sheet are size reduction (qv) (comminution) and/or size separation (see Separation, size), minerals separation, soHd—Hquid separation, and materials handling. The overaH flow sheet depends on whether the specification for the final mineral product is size, chemical composition, ie, grade, or both. Products from a quarry, for example, may have a size specification only, whereas metal concentrates have a grade specification. 

Each basic operation can be divided into one or more unit operations. Size reduction involves cnishing and grinding depending on the size of material handled, and these may be carried out in stages. Separations can be either soHds from soHds, based on size or mineral composition, or soHds from Hquids, ie, dewatering (qv). Size separation or classification is an integral part of any flow sheet, not only to meet product size specifications, but also to ensure a narrow size distribution for subsequent minerals separation circuits and to decrease the load and improve the efficiency of size reduction units which are energy intensive. 

Rules of matrix algebra can be appHed to the manipulation and interpretation of data in this type of matrix format. One of the most basic operations that can be performed is to plot the samples in variable-by-variable plots. When the number of variables is as small as two then it is a simple and familiar matter to constmct and analyze the plot. But if the number of variables exceeds two or three, it is obviously impractical to try to interpret the data using simple bivariate plots. Pattern recognition provides computer tools far superior to bivariate plots for understanding the data stmcture in the //-dimensional vector space. 

There are a wide variety of coatiag appHcatioas processes ia use. The majority of these techniques are similar to those used ia other coatiags iadustries, and the same basic operating principles apply to these uses as to coatiag a photographic film or a coil of metal for a refrigerator. 

The basic operations in dust collection by any device are (1) separation of the gas-borne particles from the gas stream by deposition on a collecting surface (2) retention of the deposit on the surface and (3) removal of the deposit from the surface for recovery or disposal. The separation step requires (1) application of a force that produces a differential motion of a particle relative to the gas and (2) a gas retention time sufficient for the particle to migrate to the coUecting surface. The principal mechanisms of aerosol deposition that are apphed in dust collectors are (1) gravitational deposition, (2) flow-line interception, (3) inertial deposition, (4) diffusional deposition, and (5) electrostatic deposition. Thermal deposition is only a minor factor in practical dust-collectiou equipment because the thermophoretic force is small. Table 17-2 lists these six mechanisms and presents the characteristic... 

Tolling presents a special consideration that can make the training step easier. Typically a toller s technical staff, operators and mechanics are knowledgeable in the basic operations and tasks related to the toller s specialty. For example, experienced operators may know operations of the reactors, columns, exchangers, and packaging equipment quite well. The mechanical personnel may be very familiar with the required safe work practices, equipment cleaning procedures and maintenance tasks for standard vessels and piping. 

Electromagnetic These are quickly outdated but we discuss these relays briefly below to give an idea of the basic operating principles of such relays. The same principle of application is then transformed into a static or microprocessor-based relay... 

The division of labor between operations and maintenance is shown in Figure 21-4. It is the primary responsibility of the production department to establish and regulate basic operating conditions, and it is the primary responsibility of the maintenance department to improve defects in design. The other tasks are shared between the two departments. 

C. Follow the order of the design flowchart and refer to the appropriate section within the book. Within each section, read the basic operation of that subcircuit. Then choose a design implementation that would best... 

As with many consumer goods, compressors cannot be purchased without accessories. Some of the accessories are essential to the basic operation of the compressor, such as lubrication systems and couplings. Other accessories, such as the anti-surge control equipment, are optional in order to enhance operation but are not essential. The accessories may be purchased from the equipment vendor or they may be purchased from another party—a decision open to the purchaser. Generally, the accessories essential to the operation are purchased from the equipment vendor as part of the original purchase. The lubrication system and couplings are classic examples of this option. Intercoolers, while essential, are not normally purchased from the equipment vendor if the application is a process compressor. 

Most EDS systems are controlled by minicomputers or microcomputers and are easy to use for the basic operations of spectrum collection and peak identification, even for the computer illiterate. However, the use of advanced analysis techniques, including deconvolution of overlapped peaks, background subtraction, and quantitative analysis will require some extra training, which usually is provided at installation or available at special schools. 

This process removes the coarser fractions in the hydrocyclones. Hydrocyclones basically operate within the sand region, and if there is material that is finer than sand (material that passes a 200 mesh screen), then approximately 100 percent of that material will pass out the top. The finer fractions and the wastewater that overflow from the hydrocyclone are not treated any further. The contaminants that reside on the finer fhactions adhere fairly well to such particles, therefore, it does not make any processing sense to try and remove them. The coarser fractions then subsequently move down into the next cells. The fluid movement from right to left and the solid... 

Figure 16-8. This Brayton cycle describes the basic operation of a gas turbine.

This unit is usually used as the reboiler for the distillation column and, in this service, operates by the thermosiphon action of the difference in static head in the column and in the vapor-liquid phase leaving the reboiler. When tied into the bottom chamber, the liquid is usually recirculated many times, vaporizing only 10-25% of the reboiler feed per pass however, when used as a draw-off from the bottom tray seal pan, the feed to the reboiler is not recirculated flow. The basic operation is the same, however. 

Figure 11-19 indicates the basic operating system involved, and Figure 11-20 shows a sectional view of a typical compact unit. 

Prohahly the most important of the fundamentals concerning centrifugal compression equipment is an understanding of the basic operating characteristics. Although some basic mathematical relations should be kept in mind, the graphical representation makes these points easier to understand. Figure 12-61 is a representation of typical oper-... 

This chapter describes the various auxiliary equipment that are important to the function of oil field activities. This equipment is used in drilling, well completion, production, and related operations. The discussions that follow will concentrate on the basic operation characteristics and specifications required by a user. The aim is to give the user the information needed to ascertain whether the equipment available for a particular field operation is adequate, or if the equipment available is not adequate, how to specify what equipment will be necessary. 

Diesels, gas turbines and steam turbines are the more commonly used prime movers for the generation of electrical power. Additionally, the steam turbine can be employed in combination with either the diesel or gas turbine for combined cycle operation. The following describes the basic operation of each of these prime movers in relation to its associated power-generating scheme and reviews the more significant factors affecting performance and efficiency. Further information on the actual plant and installation is given later in Section 15.6. 

Pressure regulators are made in a variety of types. However, the basic operating principles of all regulators are similar to the one illustrated in Figure 40.21. 

Directional control valves may be classified in several ways. Some of the different ways are by the type of control, the number of ports in the valve housing, and the specific function that the valve performs. The most common method is by the type of valving element used in the construction of the valve. The most common types of valving elements are the ball, cone, sleeve, poppet, rotary spool, and sliding spool. The basic operating principles of the poppet, rotary spool, and sliding spool types are discussed in this text. 

The basic operations performed by dust-collection devices are (1) separating particles from the gas stream by deposition on a collection surface, (2) retaining the deposited particles on the surface until removal, and (3) removing the deposit from the surface for recovery or disposal. 

Before considering the factors that lead to corrosion it is necessary to examine briefly the basic operations of joint manufacture. 

This discrepancy between experiment and theory (and many others) can be explained in terms of an alternative model of covalent bonding, the molecular orbital (MO) approach. Molecular orbital theory treats bonds in terms of orbitals characteristic of the molecule as a whole. To apply this approach, we carry out three basic operations. 

In order to address the possible influence of positional disorder, we have chosen to analyze the way basic operations such as translations and rotations affect the properties calculated for highly symmetric configurations. This approach could provide guidelines to prevent the loss of significant optical coupling between the ground state and the lowest excited state, and hence the quenching of luminescence in the solid state. 

This section will review the basic operations for centering, weighting, and scaling data sets. We will simply review the mechanics of each operation. For a more detailed treatment of the topics, please refer to the bibliography. 

Service company representatives and other personnel involved in implementing a BW treatment program must regularly attend to a number of basic operational functions, including ... 

One of the pleasant aspects of the study of thermodynamics is to find that the mathematical operations leading to the derivation and manipulation of the equations relating the thermodynamic variables we have just described are relatively simple. In most instances basic operations from the calculus are all that are required. Appendix 1 reviews these relationships. 

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